青岛城阳财贝沟东周墓出土青铜容器的成分与金相分析

利用手持X射线荧光光谱仪、金相显微镜对青岛城阳财贝沟东周墓出土11件青铜容器进行成分和金相分析。结果表明,11件青铜容器均为Cu-Sn-Pb三元合金,且含有少量铁、锑、银等杂质金属元素。大多数青铜容器为铅锡青铜材质,铅含量普遍较高,平均约为17.58%,青铜容器均为铸造成形,未见铸后加工工艺。同一墓葬中青铜容器的合金成分相近,不同墓葬中的同一器型的青铜容器在合金技术上表现出明显差异。财贝沟东周墓出土青铜容器多为素面,基体普遍锈蚀严重,不少金相组织中还发现有自由铜晶粒,与青铜容器的合金成分、铸造工艺及埋藏环境影响下的电化学腐蚀有关,但其出土青铜容器的合金配比、成型技术与机械性能间接反映出当时工匠拥有成熟的青铜铸造技术和陪葬青铜容器的礼器功能趋于淡化,为全面认识东周时期齐国青铜冶铸业的发展状况以及当下对青铜容器的保护与修复提供重要的科学依据。

Composition and Metallographic Analysis of Bronze Vessels Excavated from the Eastern Zhou Tomb of Caibeigou at Chengyang District in Qingdao City

The alloy composition and metallographic organization of eleven bronze vessels excavated from the Eastern Zhou tomb of Caibeigou at Chengyang district in Qingdao city were analyzed by handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and metallographic microscope. The results show that these bronze vessels are made of Cu-Sn-Pb alloy, and contain a small amount of iron, antimony, silver and other impurity metal elements. Most of these bronze vessels are made of Pb-Sn alloy and contain high level of lead with an average value of about 17.58%. Meanwhile, all of them are foundry products without other processing. The alloy composition of these bronze vessels in the same tomb is similar, and the bronze vessels of the same vessel type in different tombs show obvious differences in the alloy technology. Some simple and badly corroded bronze vessels excavated from the Eastern Zhou tomb of Caibeigou in Chengyang district contain some free copper grains in metallographic tissues, which are closely related to electrochemical corrosion affected by the alloy composition, casting technology and buried environment. But the alloy ratio, casting technology and mechanical properties of the unearthed bronze vessels indirectly reflect that the craftsmen had mature bronze casting technology at that time and the ritual function of the bronze vessels tended to be diluted. It will provide an important scientific basis for a comprehensive understanding of the development of bronze production industry in the State of Qi in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the protection and restoration of bronze vessels.