Fouling of reverse osmosis membranes by hydrophilic organic matter: implications for water reuse |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;2. Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;3. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;4. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;1. Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia;2. College of Resource and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China;1. Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China;2. Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China;3. Beijing Boda Water Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Effluent organic matter (EfOM) is suspected as a major cause of fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in advanced wastewater reclamation. Among the main constituents in EfOM, polysaccharides are the most ubiquitous. The influence of solution chemistry and hydrodynamics on RO membrane fouling with alginate — a model for polysaccharides in secondary wastewater effluent — was systematically investigated. Results of fouling runs with alginate demonstrate that RO membrane fouling increases with decreasing pH, increasing ionic strength, and addition of calcium ions. At fixed solution ionic strength and pH, the presence of divalent calcium ions, at concentrations typical of those found in secondary wastewater effluent, had a dramatic effect on membrane fouling. However, for similar concentrations of divalent magnesium ions, fouling was negligible. The severe fouling in the presence of calcium is attributed to the formation of a thick, dense alginate gel layer on the membrane surface via calcium-alginate complexation and crosslinking (bridging) of alginate macromolecules by calcium. In addition to solution chemistry, hydrodynamic operating conditions — initial permeate flux and crossflow velocity — were also shown to influence RO membrane fouling with alginate. |
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