地下工程吸能锚杆研究现状与展望

锚杆是地下工程硐室的主体支护方式，为吸收围岩变形释放的能量，控制围岩变形，需要研发具有高恒阻力、高延伸率和高预应力的吸能锚杆。本文从吸能锚杆的研发历程、性能试验与现场应用3个方面进行了总结和分析。吸能锚杆通过结构滑移和材料变形2种方式吸收能量，按工作原理可分为结构型与材料型2种吸能锚杆。两者相比，材料型吸能锚杆结构相对简单，能够充分发挥材料力学性能。笔者团队研发了恒阻吸能新材料锚杆，开展了静力拉伸与动力冲击试验，结果表明该锚杆具备高强、高延伸率和高吸能特性，能够满足复杂条件下的围岩控制要求。未来应制定恒阻吸能锚杆的试验、设计、施工与验收标准，实现其在矿山、交通、市政、水利等不同领域地下工程中的推广和应用。

Recent development and prospects of energy-absorbing bolt in underground engineering

There are many challenges in the process of underground engineering construction, such as high stress, extremely soft rock, strong mining and other complex conditions. The surrounding rock is difficult to control and its deformation is serious due to the stress concentration and energy accumulation, leading to frequent roof fall, collapse, rock burst and other accidents. Anchor bolt is the main support mode of underground engineering chamber. In order to absorb energy released by surrounding rock deformation and control the deformation of surrounding rock, it is necessary to develop energy-absorbing bolt with high constant resistance, high elongation and high prestress. This paper summarizes and analyzes the development process, performance test and field application of energy-absorbing bolt. Energy-absorbing bolt absorb energy by structural slip and material deformation. According to the working principle, the energy-absorbing bolt can be divided into three types: rod structure type, mechanical structure type and body material type. Compared with structural energy-absorbing bolt, the structure of material energy-absorbing bolt is relatively simple, which can give full play to the mechanical properties of material. The author's team developed a new constant resistance energy-absorbing bolt, and carried out static tensile and dynamic impact tests. The results show that the bolt has high strength, high elongation and high energy absorption characteristics, which can meet the requirements of surrounding rock control under complex conditions. In the future, the test, design, construction and acceptance standards of the constant resistance energy-absorbing bolt should be formulated to realize its application in underground engineering in different fields such as mine, traffic, municipal engineering and water conservancy.