Riprap Effect on Hydraulic Fracturing Process of Cohesive and Non-cohesive Protective Levees |
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Authors: | Ahadiyan Javad Bahmanpouri Farhad Adeli Atefeh Gualtieri Carlo Khoshkonesh Alireza |
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Affiliation: | 1.Water Engineering and Environmental Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (SCU), 61357-83151, Ahvaz, Iran ;2.Hydraulic Engineering, IRPI-CNR (Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche), Via Madonna Alta 126, 06128, Perugia, Italy ;3.Hydraulic Structures at Shahid, Chamran University of Ahvaz (SCU), 61357-83151, Ahvaz, Iran ;4.Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Napoli Federico II, University of Napoli Federico II, 80125, Napoli, Italy ;5.Water Structures, Department of Water Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65178, Hamedan, Iran ; |
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Abstract: | A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil properties and the rip-rap as well as cohesive and non-cohesive soil material and the riprap particle size on the breaching process and the failure mechanism of the levee. The results showed the crucial role of the riprap coverage and the soil properties in the breaching of the protective levees. In this regard, breaching was developed in both vertical and transverse directions. In the levee without riprap coverage, breach development was observed in the transverse direction while the levee was eroded in the streamwise direction. In contrast, in the levee with riprap coverage, breach development mainly occurred in the vertical direction. Furthermore, the flow rate across the breach was higher in the tests with no riprap compared to those with the riprap coverage. Comparisons suggested that the shorter the failure time, the longer the equilibrium time. The present research has some major implications for coastal and hydraulic engineering designs since the construction of levees is of great importance. Furthermore, the findings can be used to predict flooding and erosion induced by the embankment failure. |
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