纳米材料形貌和性能调控的仿生自组装研究进展

纳米材料在纳米尺度展现出的特殊性质, 相较于宏观尺度材料表现出众多优异特性, 在力学、声学、光学、磁学、电学、热学等各种领域具有良好的应用前景。纳米材料的仿生自组装技术模拟活体生命活动, 使纳米材料基于非共价键的相互作用, 自发形成稳定结构, 现已成为制备纳米材料的主要方法之一。仿生自组装技术是“自上而下”方法中的重要技术手段, 这种合成方式有望代替传统的“自上而下”加工技术, 实现单个原子或分子在纳米尺度上构造特定结构和功能的器件。另外, 仿生自组装技术虽然以化学过程为主, 但又有物理过程, 并且结合了“仿生学”的优点, 具有定向构造纳米材料的特点, 是众多交叉学科的热门研究手段。本文重点介绍了纳米材料在形貌和性能调控中不同的仿生自组装合成策略, 包括屏蔽效应的位相选择自组装、双相界面协同效应的仿生自组装、场诱导定位效应的功能器件一体化制备、光诱导自组装以及羟基氢键驱动的分相自组装, 总结了仿生自组装纳米材料的特性, 归纳了自组装技术在传感器、表面拉曼散射、生物医疗等领域的应用, 并对纳米材料仿生自组装技术的发展前景进行了展望。

Research Progress of Biomimetic Self-assembly of Nanomaterials in Morphology and Performance Control

Nano materials exhibit many excellent properties compared with macro scale materials due to their special properties at nanoscale. They exhibit good application prospects in various fields such as mechanics, acoustics, optics, magnetism, electricity, thermology and so on. In this fascinating field, biomimetic self-assembly technology of nano materials has become one of the main methods to prepare nano materials, which simulates the life activities in vivo and makes the nano materials spontaneously form stable structures based on the noncovalent bond interaction. The biomimetic self-assembly technology is an important technology in the “bottom-up” method, which is expected to replace the traditional “top-down” processing technology, and realize the construction of specific structure and function devices on the nanoscale by single atom or molecule. Moreover, although the bionic self-assembly technology is mainly chemical process, it also has physical process, and combines advantages of “bionics” and has characteristics of directional construction of nano materials, which is a hot research means of many interdisciplinary. This paper reviews different biomimetic self-assembly synthesis strategies for nano materials in morphology and performance control, including phase selective self-assembly of shielding effect, bionic self-assembly of biphase interface synergy effect, integrated fabrication of functional devices with field induced localization effect, photoinduced self-assembly and phase separation self-assembly driven by hydroxyl hydrogen bond. The characteristics of biomimetic self-assembled nano materials are summarized. This paper also introduced the application of self-assembly technology in sensors, surface Raman scattering, biomedical and other fields. In addition, the prospects for the development of biomimetic self-assembly technology of nanomaterials are prospected.