Microwave-mediated non-catalytic transesterification of algal biomass under supercritical ethanol conditions |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Chemical Engineering Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;2. Electron Microscopy Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;3. Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;1. Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation;2. Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Hosei University, 184-8584 Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan;3. Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Miyagi, Sendai, Japan;4. Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 8410501 Be’er Sheva, Israel;1. Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation;2. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan;1. Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;2. Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;3. Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria;1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea;2. Bioenergy Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea;4. Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea;5. School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwang-ju Institute of Science and Technology, 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwang-ju 61005, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | A novel integrated approach has been proposed to convert lipid-rich, dry algae (Nannochloropsis salina) into fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) under microwave-mediated supercritical ethanol (MW-SCE) conditions with a non-catalytic transesterification approach. This process enables simultaneous extraction of lipids from algal biomass and conversion/transesterification of them into algal biodiesel in a relatively short reaction time, which may reduce energy consumption versus traditional processes due to simplified separation and purification steps. High conversion rates can be possible when the extractive-transesterification of algal biomass is performed near-critical or supercritical conditions. The use of passive heating elements made of silicon carbide (SiC) to aid the microwave-mediated heating process at higher temperatures is also described. Experimental runs were designed to optimize the process parameters to evaluate the effect on the algal biodiesel under controlled power conditions. The algal biomass characterization and algal biodiesel analysis were performed using various analytical instruments such as FTIR, SEM-EDS, TGA and GC–MS. It was demonstrated in this work that this direct conversion technique has the potential to provide an energy-efficient and economical route for algal biodiesel production. |
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