Dietary enrichment of milk and dairy products with n-3 fatty acids: A review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China;2. Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia;1. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;2. Institute of Standards and Industrial Research, Agri-Food Research Center, Fat and Oils Laboratory, Karaj, Iran;1. Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain;2. Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Development Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain;3. School of Architecture, Engineering and Design (Food Technology Lab), Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain;1. Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany;2. atech innovations GmbH, Gladbeck, Germany;1. INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Site de Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France;2. Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;1. Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France;2. GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France;3. Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France;4. CRNH Auvergne, F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France |
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| Abstract: | Milk and dairy products are important sources of nutrients in the human diet; however, they are also the main sources of saturated fatty acids (FAs) that can cause an increase in the risk of cardiometabolic and cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, the n-3 FAs that are known for their health benefits are found in small amounts in normal ruminant milk fat and dairy products. Dietary supplementation with vegetable seeds or oils rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and grass-based feeding can enhance the content of n-3 FAs, particularly ALA, in milk and dairy products. Alternatively, ruminants are often supplemented with fish meal, fish oil and microalgae that are rich in the long-chain n−3 FAs eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In this paper, the latest scientific studies regarding n−3 FA enrichment in milk and dairy products are reviewed, giving an overview of the effectiveness of the different supplementation approaches. |
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