船体表面附着物清洗技术的研究及应用

鉴于船体表面海洋附着物对船舶航行的重要影响,针对国内外船体清洗相关技术及应用进行了全面分析。详细介绍了目前船坞清洗和水下清洗所采用的各种方法,包括刮铲技术、喷砂技术、转刷技术、声场技术、高压和超高压水射流技术、磨料水射流技术、淹没型空化水射流技术,并对比了各技术的优缺点。刮铲技术不再是主要清洗方式,常作为辅助手段出现。喷砂操作简单,设备成本低廉,但对环境污染严重,危害工人健康。转刷适用于软质生物的清洗,而对搁板状生物难去除。磨料水射流和声场技术由于存在技术难点,仍需进一步研究。高压水射流清洗高效,但安全操作需要专业培训,且二次返锈问题严重。超高压成套清洗设备能很好地解决返锈问题和废水废渣的回收。但这些清洗技术普遍会对船舶的基底涂层产生破坏,由此强调了空化水射流低压时的强侵蚀作用和不会破坏软质涂层的技术特点,突出了水下清洗的优势和必要性。最后,总结了超高压大功率的船坞清洗特点,提出了以淹没型空化水射流技术为主,多种技术相结合的船体水下清洗成套设备的发展趋势,从而实现低能耗、无破坏、绿色环保的船体污损清洗。

Research and Application of Ship Hull Fouling Cleaning Technologies

In view of significance of hull surface fouling on ship navigation, this paper has carried out comprehensive analysis on ship hull cleaning technologies and their application at home and abroad. Various methods applied to dock cleaning and underwater cleaning were introduced in detail, including scraper technology, sandblast technology, brush technology, acoustic field technology, high pressure and ultrahigh pressure water jet technology, abrasive water jet technology and submerged cavitation water jet technology. Advantages and disadvantages of each technology were compared. Scraper technology was no longer the main cleaning method, now it was usually used as an auxiliary means. Sandblast featured in simple operation and low equipment cost, but produced serious environmental pollution is and was harmful to the health of workers. Brush was suitable for soft creatures cleaning and might hardly remove shelf-like creatures. Abrasive water jet and acoustic field technology should be further studied due to presence of technical difficulties. High-pressure water jet cleaning was efficient, but professional training was required for safe operation, and secondary rust problem was serious. Ultra-high pressure complete cleaning equipment could be a good solution to secondary rust and waste water or residue recycling. However, all these cleaning techniques would damage the base coating of ship, but it was emphasized that submerged cavitation water jet produced no excessive erosion at low pressure and damage to soft coating, the advantages and necessity of underwater cleaning were highlighted. Finally, the characteristics of dock cleaning were summarized as ultrahigh pressure and high power, and a development trend of ship hull underwater cleaning complete equipment was proposed to be submerged cavitation water jet technology supplemented by multiple technologies. As a result, the ship hull cleaning could achieve low energy consumption, no damage and environmental protection.