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Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses |
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| Authors: | Tscharntke Teja Tylianakis Jason M Rand Tatyana A Didham Raphael K Fahrig Lenore Batáry Péter Bengtsson Janne Clough Yann Crist Thomas O Dormann Carsten F Ewers Robert M Fründ Jochen Holt Robert D Holzschuh Andrea Klein Alexandra M Kleijn David Kremen Claire Landis Doug A Laurance William Lindenmayer David Scherber Christoph Sodhi Navjot Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf Thies Carsten van der Putten Wim H Westphal Catrin |
| Affiliation: | 1. Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg‐August University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 G?ttingen, Germany;2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;3. USDA‐ARS Northern Plains Agricultural Research Lab, Sidney, MT 59270, USA;4. School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia;5. CSIRO Entomology, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Underwood Ave, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia;6. Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6;7. MTA‐ELTE‐MTM Ecology Research Group Ludovika ter 2, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;8. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;9. Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, and Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA;10. Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research‐UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig , Germany;11. Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK;12. University of Florida, 111 Bartram, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611‐8525, USA;13. Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;14. Ecosystem Functions, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty III, Leuphana University of Lueneburg, Scharnhorststra?e 1, 21335 Lueneburg, Germany;15. Alterra, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands;16. Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720‐3114, USA;17. Department of Entomology and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;18. Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia;19. Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Building 48 Linnaeus way, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia;20. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore;21. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen;22. and Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen, University and Research Centre, PO Box 8123, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands |
| Abstract: | Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local and landscape scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from human-modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which we hope will encourage more systematic research on the role of landscape composition and configuration in determining the structure of ecological communities, ecosystem functioning and services. We organize the eight hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: 'landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns' includes (1) the landscape species pool hypothesis-the size of the landscape-wide species pool moderates local (alpha) biodiversity, and (2) the dominance of beta diversity hypothesis-landscape-moderated dissimilarity of local communities determines landscape-wide biodiversity and overrides negative local effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Section B: 'landscape moderation of population dynamics' includes (3) the cross-habitat spillover hypothesis-landscape-moderated spillover of energy, resources and organisms across habitats, including between managed and natural ecosystems, influences landscape-wide community structure and associated processes and (4) the landscape-moderated concentration and dilution hypothesis-spatial and temporal changes in landscape composition can cause transient concentration or dilution of populations with functional consequences. Section C: 'landscape moderation of functional trait selection' includes (5) the landscape-moderated functional trait selection hypothesis-landscape moderation of species trait selection shapes the functional role and trajectory of community assembly, and (6) the landscape-moderated insurance hypothesis-landscape complexity provides spatial and temporal insurance, i.e. high resilience and stability of ecological processes in changing environments. Section D: 'landscape constraints on conservation management' includes (7) the intermediate landscape-complexity hypothesis-landscape-moderated effectiveness of local conservation management is highest in structurally simple, rather than in cleared (i.e. extremely simplified) or in complex landscapes, and (8) the landscape-moderated biodiversity versus ecosystem service management hypothesis-landscape-moderated biodiversity conservation to optimize functional diversity and related ecosystem services will not protect endangered species. Shifting our research focus from local to landscape-moderated effects on biodiversity will be critical to developing solutions for future biodiversity and ecosystem service management. |
| Keywords: | beta diversity belowground‐aboveground patterns conservation management ecosystem functioning and services functional traits insurance hypothesis landscape composition and configuration multitrophic interactions resilience and stability spatial heterogeneity |
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