单光子探测器研究现状与发展

单光子探测器的研制是量子光学和量子信息领域的一个重要研究课题。单光子探测器突破了传统探测器只针对振幅进行采样的局限，同时对光波或者光子的偏振、波矢、位相等特性进行探测，具有可保持测量信号完整性、理论量子效率高、工作电压低、探测灵敏度高等优点，同时具有室温单光子探测的潜力。为了深入了解单光子探测器的研究现状和发展前景，本文介绍了单光子探测器的工作机理，总结对比了光电倍增管、雪崩光电二极管等传统单光子探测器以及基于新型二维材料的雪崩光电二极管、超导纳米线单光子探测器等新型单光子光电探测器的优势与不足，并对其发展前景进行了展望。此外还介绍了单光子探测器在量子通信、激光测距和成像等领域的应用。

Research on status and development of single photon detector

The development of single photon detector is an important research topic in the field of quantum optics and quantum information. Single photon detector broke through the limitations of traditional detector that only sample for amplitude,and simultaneously detect the polarization,wave vector and phase of light waves or photons,with advantages of maintaining measurement signal integrity,high theoretical quantum efficiency,low operating voltage,high detection sensitivity and the potential for room temperature single photon detection. In order to further understand the research status and development prospects of single photon detector,the working mechanism of the single photon detector is introduced. Then,the advantages and shortcomings of the traditional single photon detector such as photomultiplier tube and avalanche photodiode,as well as new single photon detector based on new two dimensional materials avalanche photodiode and superconducting nanowire single photon detector are summarized and compared,and the prospect of its development is prospected. In addition,the applications of single photon detector in areas such as quantum communication,laser ranging and imaging are introduced.