四川盆地东南缘南华系大塘坡组烃源岩特征及其油气勘探意义

随着四川盆地的油气勘探不断向深层—超深层领域拓展,以及在盆地中部地区(川中)稳定继承性古隆起区域的中上元古界—下古生界储量超1×1012 m~3大气田的发现,该盆地深部古老层系烃源岩发育环境、烃源岩有机质生源构成及其成烃特征等备受关注。为此,基于前人的研究成果,开展了四川盆地东南缘南华系大塘坡组野外露头剖面观察和烃源岩样品的有机地球化学、有机岩石学分析测试。结果表明:(1)四川盆地东南缘在南华纪古城期和南沱期2个冰期之间发育拉张背景下的大塘坡组黑色页岩优质烃源岩,其厚度介于16~180 m,矿物组成以黏土矿物和碎屑石英为主;(2)大塘坡组页岩为高丰度过成熟腐泥型优质烃源岩,其低姥植比(0.32~0.83)、低伽马蜡烷丰度、高丰度三环萜烷以及相对高含量的C_(27)、C_(29)甾烷等特征,反映了低盐度强还原环境下藻类和细菌微生物为其主要生源构成。结论认为:(1)川中地区南华纪裂谷内可能发育大塘坡组烃源岩,加里东期之前的古隆起、古斜坡区域是源于大塘坡组烃源岩的古油藏或分散液态烃的有利聚集场所;(2)该盆地内部稳定区域有可能发现源于大塘坡组烃源岩的古油藏或分散有机质裂解气的规模聚集区。

Characteristics of source rocks of the Datangpo Fm,Nanhua System,at the southeastern margin of Sichuan Basin and their significance to oil and gas exploration

In recent years, much attention has been paid to the development environment, biogenetic compositions and hydrocarbon generation characteristics of ancient source rocks in the deep strata of the Sichuan Basin because oil and gas exploration extends continuously to the deep and ultra-deep strata and a giant gas field with the explored reserves of more than 1 tcm was discovered in the Middle and Upper Proterozoic–Lower Paleozoic strata in the stable inherited paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin. Based on the previous geological research results, outcrop section of the Datangpo Fm, Nanhua System, at the southeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin was observed and the samples taken from the source rocks were tested and analyzed in terms of their organic geochemistry and organic petrology. It is shown that high-quality black shale source rocks of the Datangpo Fm are developed in the tensional background at the southeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin between two glacial ages, i.e., Gucheng and Nantuo ages in the Nanhua Period. Their thickness is 16–180 m and mineral compositions are mainly clay minerals and clastic quartz. Besides, shale in the Datangpo Fm is of high-quality sapropel type source rock with high abundance at an over-mature stage, and it is characterized by low pristane/phytane ratios (0.32–0.83), low gammacerane abundance, high-abundance tricyclic terpane and higher-content C₂₇ and C₂₉ gonane, indicating that biogenetic compositions are mainly algae and microbes in a strong reducing environment with low salinity. It is concluded that the Datangpo Fm source rocks may be developed in the rift of Nanhua System in central Sichuan Basin. Paleo-uplifts and paleo-slopes before the Caledonian are the favorable locations for the accumulation of dispersed liquid hydrocarbons and paleo-reservoirs derived from the Datangpo Fm source rocks. In addition, scale accumulation zones of dispersed organic matter cracking gas and paleo-reservoirs originated from the Datangpo Fm source rocks may be discovered in the stable area inside the Sichuan Basin.