中国青少年不良饮食行为及影响因素分析

目的 了解我国青少年不良饮食行为情况和影响因素，为采取针对性的营养干预措施提供科学依据。方法 采用中国教育追踪调查2014—2015学年的追踪数据共10 750名八年级学生进行分析。数据分析组间比较选择χ2 检验，不良饮食行为的影响因素分析采用多元logistic回归模型。结果 青少年经常或总是饮用含糖/碳酸饮料的报告率为21.36%，而经常或总是食用油炸/烧烤食品的报告率为14.60%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，青少年含糖/碳酸饮料消费行为的危险因素包括家庭经济情况（富裕:OR = 1.538，95%CI: 1.258～1.882，P＜0.001）、父亲经常醉酒（OR = 1.530，95%CI: 1.308～1.789，P＜0.001）、母亲的受教育水平（初中或高中:OR = 1.237，95%CI: 1.076～1.422，P＜0.01）、父亲的受教育水平（初中或高中:OR = 1.189，95%CI: 1.011～1.397，P＜0.05）、与朋友外出运动、看电影（一年或半年一次:OR = 1.146，95%CI: 1.016～1.294，P＜0.05; 每月或每周一次:OR = 1.786，95%CI: 1.562～2.043，P＜0.001；每周一次以上:OR = 2.327，95%CI: 1.791～3.024，P＜0.001）；保护因素包括女性（OR = 0.746，95%CI: 0.672～0.829，P＜0.001）、与父母吃晚饭（一年或半年一次:OR = 0.601，95%CI: 0.412～0.878，P＜0.01；每周一次以上:OR = 0.696，95%CI: 0.495～0.979，P＜0.05）、自评整体健康情况（一般:OR = 0.783，95%CI: 0.641～0.956，P＜0.05；比较好/很好:OR = 0.652，95%CI: 0.539～0.790，P＜0.001）。青少年油炸/烧烤食品消费行为的危险因素包括女性（OR = 1.187，95%CI: 1.054～1.335，P＜0.01）、家庭经济情况（富裕:OR = 1.377，95%CI: 1.093～1.735，P＜0.01）、父亲经常醉酒（OR = 1.684，95%CI: 1.417～2.001，P＜0.001）、与朋友外出运动、看电影（每月或每周一次:OR = 1.706, 95%CI: 1.454～2.001, P＜0.001；每周一次以上:OR = 2.783，95%CI: 2.126～3.644，P＜0.001）；保护因素包括与父母吃晚饭（每周一次以上:OR = 0.673，95%CI: 0.461～0.981，P＜0.05）、自评整体健康情况（一般:OR = 0.788，95%CI: 0.634～0.980，P＜0.05，比较好/很好:OR = 0.579，95%CI: 0.469～0.714，P＜0.001）。结论 青少年不良饮食行为不仅受到个体因素影响，还与一系列家庭或社会因素密切相关。家庭、学校以及青少年本人应该多方合作，实施综合干预，提高青少年健康素养并促进其养成健康饮食习惯。

Unhealthy dietary behaviors and influencing factors among Chinese adolescents

Objective To investigate risk factors of unhealthy dietary behaviors among adolescents, and to provide evidence for development of targeted measures for nutrition and health. Methods We used data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) 2014 to 2015 school year. A total of 10 750 adolescents were included in the final analyses. Chi-square test was used to test differences of categorical variables. Multivariate logistic analyses were used to determine the risk factors of unhealthy dietary behaviors. Results The reporting rate of adolescents who often or always drank sugary or carbonated beverages was 21.36%, and 14.60% of the respondents often or always ate fried and barbecued food. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that risk factors of consumption of sugary or carbonated beverages included family social-economic status (rich: OR=1.538, 95%CI: 1.258-1.882, P<0.001), father drank a lot (OR=1.530, 95%CI: 1.308-1.789, P<0.001), mother’s educational level(middle school or high school: OR=1.237, 95%CI: 1.011-1.397, P<0.05), father’s educational level(middle school or high school: OR=1.189, 95%CI: 1.011-1.397, P<0.05) and going out with friends to exercise and watch movies (once a year or half a year: OR=1.146, 95%CI: 1.016-1.294, P<0.05; monthly or weekly: OR=1.786, 95%CI: 1.562-2.043, P<0.001; more than once a week: OR=2.327, 95%CI: 1.791-3.024, P<0.001). Protective factors included female (OR=0.746, 95%CI: 0.672- 0.829, P<0.001), having dinner with parents (once a year or half a year: OR=0.601, 95%CI: 0.412-0.878, P<0.01; more than once a week: OR=0.696, 95%CI: 0.495-0.979, P<0.05), self-assessment of overall health status (medium: OR=0.783, 95%CI: 0.641-0.956, P<0.05; better/very good: OR=0.652, 95%CI: 0.539-0.790, P<0.001). The risk factors of fried and barbecued food consumption behaviors included female (OR=1.187, 95%CI: 1.054-1.335, P<0.01), family social-economic status (rich: OR=1.377, 95%CI: 1.093-1.735, P<0.01), father drank a lot (OR=1.684, 95%CI: 1.417-2.001, P<0.001), going out with friends to exercise and watch movies (monthly or weekly: OR=1.706, 95%CI: 1.454-2.001, P<0.001; more than once a week: OR=2.783, 95%CI: 2.126-3.644, P<0.001). Protective factors included having dinner with parents (more than once a week: OR=0.673, 95%CI: 0.461-0.981, P<0.05), self-assessment of overall health status (medium: OR=0.788, 95%CI: 0.634-0.980, P<0.05; better/very good: OR=0.579, 95%CI: 0.469-0.714, P<0.001). Conclusion The unhealthy dietary behaviors of adolescents are not only affected by individual factors, but also closely related to a series of family or social factors. Families, schools, and adolescents should work together to implement comprehensive interventions to improve adolescents’ health literacy and promote healthy dietary habits.