Methods for visualizing the explosive remnants of war |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Geneva, Institute for Environmental Sciences, enviroSPACE Lab., Battelle – Building D, 7 route de Drize, CH-1227 Carouge, Switzerland;2. University of Geneva, Forel Institute, 10 route de Suisse, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland;3. United Nations Mine Action Service, 111 Palm City, Tripoli, Libya;4. Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, 7bis, avenue de la Paix, P.O. Box 1300, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;5. University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;1. Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany;2. Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany;3. Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50933, Cologne, Germany;4. Bundeswehr University Munich, Faculty of Human Sciences, 85577, Neubiberg, Germany;5. Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Dept. Medical CBRN Defense, 80937, Munich, Germany;1. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban and Industrial Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China;1. Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China;2. Luzhou Vacational and Technical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646005, China;1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey;2. Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | This study aimed to answer the question how cartography can help decision makers visualize the problem of contamination by explosive remnants of war (ERW). We thus explored a set of six cartographic visualization methods and systematically evaluated their usefulness with respect to four categories of stakeholders in the humanitarian demining process (i.e., database administrators, operations officers, directors of national mine action authorities, and donors) at four geographical scales, ranging from municipal to global. The main application of our work is for stakeholders involved in humanitarian demining. We provide them with a comprehensive framework for visualizing ERW hazards at the geographical scale at which they have to make decisions, as well as customized cartographic visualization tools and recommendations to help them make informed decisions. For example, we provide potential donors with a method for obtaining a global overview of ERW contamination while remaining aware of regional variation and hot spots. We also enhance cartographic visualization capabilities using traditional kernel density estimation by customizing key parameters. Specifically, we propose a method for adjusting kernel bandwidth for datasets with highly heterogeneous spatial distributions and a method for generating kernel surfaces from polygon data that consists of infilling the polygons with points before using them as inputs in the kernel density estimation. |
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| Keywords: | Humanitarian mine action Explosive remnants of war (ERW) Cartographic visualization Kernel density estimation Data sharing |
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