基于源分离的农村分散式生活污水处理技术

与城市集中式生活污水处理相比,农村分散式生活污水处理可以采用源分离技术与污水资源回收处理技术相结合的模式,从而有效回收污水中的营养盐、减少排放到环境中的污染物、提高水的循环利用效率。本文提出了三种源分离生活污水,包括尿液,灰水(洗浴、洗衣水等)和粪便。尿液不到家庭废水总量的1%,却含有50%～80%的氮、磷和钾等营养盐以及大部分药物和激素。粪便含有较高的有机物、固体和病原菌,并携带剩余的药物/激素残留物。灰水量最大,但是在三类污水中其营养盐、病原菌的含量最低,但含有洗涤剂和个人护理产品等污染物。提出了两种模式的生活污水源分离及污水处理技术。尿液的最佳处理技术是用鸟粪石沉淀法回收磷,用氨汽提法回收氨氮。黑水的最佳处理方法是厌氧消化;灰水的最佳处理方法是人工湿地和BAF、MBR等好氧生物处理技术。

Source separation-based rural decentralized domestic wastewater treatment technology

Compared with the urban centralized wastewater treatment,the mode of integrating the source separation technology with the treatment technology of decentralized wastewater reclaimation can be adopted for the rural decentralized domestic wastewater treatment,so as to effectively reclaim the nutrients in wastewater,reduce pollutants discharged into environment and enhance the water recycling efficiency.Three kinds of source separation domestic wastewaters,i.e.human urine,grey water(bath water,washing water,etc.)and human feces are put forward herein.Within the total domestic wastewater,the human urine is less than 1%but the nutrients,such as nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,are 50%~80%,while it contains large amounts of pharmaceuticals and hormones.The human fecescontains higher concentration of organic substances,solids and pathogens and carries the remaining pharmaceutical/hormone residues.The amount of grey water is the largest,in which the contents of nutrients and pathogens are the lowest within the three kinds of the wastewaters,but which contains the pollutants from detergents,personal care products,etc.Two modes of source separation technology of the domestic wastewater and the wastewater treatment technology are proposed herein.The best treatment technology for human urine is to recover phosphorus with struvite precipitation and recover ammonia nitrogen with ammonia stripping.The best method for the treatment of black water is anaerobic digestion,while the best method for the treatment of grey water is artificial wetland and the aerobic biological treatment technologies,i.e.BAF(biological aerobic filter),MBR(Membrane-coupled bioreactor),etc.