农地流转、农户兼业程度与生产效率的关系

以中部地区142个村1 370户农户的调查结果为基础,运用统计分析法、DEA分析法研究农地流转前后转入户和转出户的农业生产效率变化,进一步采用Tobit回归分析方法探究不同农户兼业程度对两类农户的农业生产效率的影响,为保障国家粮食安全、制定相关政策提供理论依据。研究发现:(1)从综合生产效率来看,中部地区参与农地流转的农户生产效率均较低,仅有0.204,农地流转使转入户提高了1.1%,转出户降低了15.7%;从技术效率和规模效率来看,流转后转出户的技术效率低于转入户1.8%、规模效率与转入户扩大为10.4%,说明农地流转促使土地由转出户向生产技术更高、经营规模更集中的转入户家庭转移。(2)在其他条件不变的情况下,兼业分化会显著提高转入户的生产效率,显著降低转出土地农户的生产效率,且兼业程度越强兼业分化的正方向影响作用越弱。(3)在其他变量中,受教育程度、农业补贴政策的落实和农业技能培训对农业生产效率均有正向影响。研究结论:在农地流转中,建议政府应考虑流转农户的差异化以及兼业程度的影响,针对转入户和转出户分别制定相应的土地政策,一要对兼业程度较高的转出户实行农民身份退出机制,在城乡居民福利和公共服务均等化水平逐渐提高的基础下,稳步推进农民市民化进程,促使土地要素向高生产效率的农户转移。二要从农地的承包经营权中分离出经营权,对土地经营权予以登记,让真正种地的农民得到农业补贴政策的实惠;适度降低转入户的兼业化水平,促进农民职业化,鼓励规模化经营。

Relationship of farmland transfer,peasant's part-time framing and production efficiency

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the part-time farming's influence on agricultural productivity efficiency among peasants of different types based on the empirical research of 1 370 rural households of 142 villages in five province of Central China.Statistic analysis,DEA analysis and Tobit regression analysis nethods were employed in the paper.It provided some basis in fact for policy-making by government and protecting food security.The results show that ① the agricultural productivity efficiency of households who were willing to transfer farmlands was low,only about 0.204.Lease-in peasants have increased 1.1％ but lease-out have reduced 15.7％.The technical efficiency of lease-out was lower than that of lease-in by 1.8％,and the scale efficiency was lower than that of lease-in by 10.4％.It indicates that farmland transfer prompts land to transfer from lease-out households to lease-in with higher production technology and more focused scale operation.② Ceteris paribus part-time farming can significantly increase productivity of the lease-in households but distinctly reduce productivity of the leads-out households.The positive impact of part-time farming on productive efficiency becomes more and more weakening.③ Education degree,agricultural subsidy policy and peasants' skills training among the other variables all have positive effects.The conclusions turn out that in the process of farmland transfer in central region,the government should take peasants' difference and part-time degree into consideration to make reasonable policy.One is to carry out peasant identity exit mechanism about high degree of part-time farming's lease-out and promote the process of peasants' urbanization under the condition of high welfare and equal public service.It also can promote land transfer to peasants with high productive efficiency.On the other hand,government should segregate farmland management rights from land contract management rights and register it,so that peasants who engage in farming can get farming subsidies.Also,the level of households' part-time farming should be reduced and we should promote the professionalization of farmers and encourage large-scale land operation.