Characterization and identification of antiestrogenic products of phenylalanine chlorination |
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Authors: | Qian-Yuan Wu Hong-Ying Hu Xin Zhao Yi Li Yun Liu |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston 77030, USA;2. Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., Houston 77030, USA;3. Transplantation Biology Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston 77030, USA;4. NanoMedical Systems, Inc., 2706 Montopolis Dr., Austin 78741, USA;5. Department of Transplantation, The First Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China;6. The Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, 6565 Fannin St, Houston 77030, USA;7. Department of Urology, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., Houston 77030, USA;8. Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York 10065, USA;9. Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston 77030, USA;10. Alliance for NanoHealth, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, USA |
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Abstract: | Recent studies have reported that chlorination increased the antiestrogenic activity of wastewater, suggesting that disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during chlorination is a potential and important source of endocrine-disruptor. However, antiestrogenic DBPs have not been identified. In this study, the antiestrogenic activity after aqueous chlorination of phenylalanine solution was evaluated by yeast two-hybrid assay and antiestrogenic DBPs were also identified and characterized. For the first time, aqueous chlorination of phenylalanine was found to form antiestrogenic DBPs when the antiestrogenic activity of chlorinated phenylalanine solution (0.5 mmol L?1) increased from undetectable to 57 μmol-tamoxifen (TAM) L?1 with the increase in chlorine doses from 0 to 0.5 mmol-Cl2 L?1. This level decreased sharply when chlorine addition went over 0.5 mmol-Cl2 L?1. By fractionating DBPs of chlorinated phenylalanine solution into different fractions via semipreparative liquid chromatography, a key fraction with high antiestrogenic activity was discovered and collected. Based on analyses of mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the compound involved in this fraction (21 mg) was determined to be 2,4-diphenylcrotonaldehyde, which is newly identified as a relatively high antiestrogenic chemical. |
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