Structural,magnetic, and electrical evaluations of rare earth Gd3+ doped in mixed Co–Mn spinel ferrite nanoparticles

The controlled and stable crystal structure, reduction in Curie temperature and semiconducting nature of oxide materials are the key factors for magnetoelectrical applications. Therefore, Co_0.6Mn_0.4Gd_xFe_2-xO₄ where x = 0, 0.033, 0.066 and 0.10 were synthesized to analyse the structural, morphological, magnetic, and electrical properties using a sol-gel autocombustion approach. The X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that the cubic crystallite size decreases with increasing smaller content of Gd³⁺ oxides without any secondary phase. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) study explain the complete morphology, agglomeration and dense structure of rare earth-doped Gd oxide in the mixed Co–Mn spinel ferrite nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectra confirms the formation of a spinel structure with absorption bands below 1000 cm^?1. The magnetic analysis shows that the saturation magnetization (59.20 emu/g - 49.71 emu/g) and coercivity (985.21 Oe – 254.11 Oe) of the synthesized samples decreased with increasing content of Gd³⁺ ions. The increase in DC conductivity with increasing temperature verifies the semiconducting nature of the synthesized samples, and a higher DC conductivity of the Co_0.6Mn_0.4Gd_0.10Fe_1.90O₄(CMGF3) samples was observed at approximately 0.0362 S/cm at 973 K temperature.