-过去25年旅游村落社会空间的微尺度重构——河北野三坡苟各庄村案例实证

社会空间重构是乡村转型发展研究的核心内容之一。采取参与性农村评估（PRA）、GIS空间分析和高分辨率遥感影像相结合的方法,以苟各庄村为例,研究了旅游乡村聚落的社会空间重构过程。研究发现,经过25年发展,苟各庄村在旅游驱动下发生了剧烈社会重构和“空间极化”,逐渐从一个以血缘关系为纽带的传统“乡土社会”聚落演变成为一个以经济利益为纽带的旅游服务型社区。具体表现为：村落社会物质空间中,家庭私人空间逐渐减少,服务与旅游业的半私人和半公共空间和公共空间增加;在居住模式上,传统封闭式山地四合院逐步消失演变为开敞式多层楼房;在人口结构上,大量外来者,包括旅游者、外来务工者和投资者的涌入改变了乡村社会关系结构,并在空间分布上呈现“极化”特征;人均收入差距加大,促进了村落社会阶层的形成与分化。其中,旅游业产业快速增长和外来人口大幅度增加是其主要外部动力,而村落“微区位因素影响”,如住宅与内部道路交通、景观环境（河流与噪声）等,则通过累积被不断“强化”和“固化”,成为加速村落社会“空间极化”的核心动力。与社会空间重构相适应,建设新型社区组织管理服务模式,规范产业发展组织方式,重塑社区文化,对于保持旅游村落社区的可持续发展十分重要。

Micro-scale social spatial reconstruction of the tourist village in the past 25 years—a case study of Gougezhuang village in Yesanpo,Hebei province

With the rapid urbanization and industrialization process during the last three decades, traditional Chinese rural villages had been reshaped in different directions. On the one hand, most of the traditional agriculture-dominated villages are gradually declining and becoming blighted by depopulation and the abandonment of buildings and land, which is called “village-hollowing”. On the other hand, with the introduction and development of various industries in rural areas, some new types of villages (industry-dominated rural development type (IDT), rural development type focusing on business, tourism and services industries (BTT), and balanced rural development type (BDT)) are constantly emerging and have become the main form of rural urbanization in China. However, all of the transfermation process is alike in the reconstruction of the social space. Social-spatial reconstruction is also a significant component of the study on rural transformation development (RTD), among which tourism villages are an important type. Integrating the methods of participatory rural assessment (PRA), GIS spatial analysis and remote sensing images, this study performs an analysis of the social-patial evolution process of tourism villages, through a case study of Gougezhuang village, in Yesanpo tourism area, Hebei province, China. In the paper, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using primary and secondary data sources, including policy documents, journal articles, land-use map (1:2000) in 2007 provided by local governments and high spatial resolution remote sensing image from Google earth. The results indicate that Gougezhuang village had gone through a drastic social reconstruction from 1985 to 2012, with the traditional rural community based on kinship gradually transforming to a tourist town based on economic benefits. This reconstruction was manifested in the following three aspects: (i) From the perspective of physical space, private space is decreasing from 95% to 15% of the total area, while the semi-public and public space for tourism purpose is increasing, form 0 to 76%; besides, as to the residential pattern, traditional enclosed courtyard is gradually disappearing, displaced by the open multi-storey building. (ii) From the perspective of demographic composition and social relations, the massive population influx represented by tourists, tourism employees and investors had resulted in the substantial alteration of rural social structure, exhibiting an obvious trend of spatial polarization as well. The rural community relationship based on blood lineage is continuously weakened and replaced by more complicated commercial leasing and employment relationship. (iii) The income gap is constantly widening, fostering the formation and discrimination of social classes among rural communities. The rapid tourism development and massive immigration dominated by tourists are the major external driving forces of the rural social stratum discrimination and social relation reconstruction. In addition, the micro-scale location condition, such as the traffic condition and landscape quality, has further intensified the spatial discrimination of social structure and relationship. The social spatial morphology of tourism villages, in essence, can be seen as the transitional form between urban and rural communities, presenting periodic characteristics due to the seasonality of tourism activities. Apparently, the traditional management system is not able to effectively support tourism development in an export-oriented rural community generally engaged in providing tourism services, which will hinder the sustainable development of rural tourism and tourism village development. Thus, corresponding with the social spatial reconstruction of tourism villages, the establishment of new-type community management system, regulation of tourism industrial practice and reconstruction of rural community culture are urgent for the sustainable development of tourism villages.