生态水文学兴起:学科理论与实践问题的评述

生态水文学是20世纪后半叶发展起来的新兴水科学研究领域的交叉综合学科，基于习近平总书记的“生态优先、绿色发展”理念和实现我国生态文明建设目标，其研究成为我国新时期水科学理论与实践的新目标与新挑战，为“绿色-高质量-可持续”发展提供强大动力．本文简述了生态水文学国内外发展历程和动向，深入评述了生态水文研究的几个基础理论问题，主要包括:人-水-生态系统关系认知与协同变化的和谐内涵、四大平衡的协同内涵及Budyko水-热平衡联系方程、绿水在生态系统中的重要内容和面向全球变化的生态水文宏微观尺度研究，并着重阐述了生态系统的需水与用水；针对生态水文的实践应用，阐述了水-碳循环耦合机制研究能够有效服务国家“双碳”计划，分析了南水北调工程和黄河流域生态环境治理中生态水文问题，提出了南水北调西线工程是构建国家水网、缓解黄河流域水资源短缺的重要举措；基于生态水文研究现状和国家发展需求，对生态水文研究提出展望，如生态系统对人类活动和气候变化响应机制研究、水土保持与生态建设综合技术体系、多源信息融合新技术、加强与社会科学的交叉融合研究和生态水文系统研究等． 

Ecohydrology on the upsurge: history and prospect of its theory and application

Ecohydrology is a new branch of water science developed in the second half of the 20th century． Ecohydrology now faces both great opportunities and challenges, to follow President Xi’s instruction of “prioritizing ecological conservation and pursuing green development”．Ecohydrology provides principles and knowledge to alleviate contradictions between human activities and ecosystem degradation, and for “green,high-quality, sustainable” development．In this paper development and research trends of ecohydrology are reviewed． Theoretical thoughts are reviewed, including connotation and evaluation of water demand and water consumption of ecosystem, harmonious relationship and collaborative change among human-water-ecosystem, comprehensive thought of “The Four Equilibria”, Budyko water heat balance connection equation, importance of green water in ecosystem, research at both macro and micro scales in climate change．Applications of eco-hydrology (such as coupling mechanism of water-carbon cycle process, environmental impact assessment of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project and eco-hydrology issues in ecosystem and environment governance of the Yellow River basin) are analyzed．The West Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is an important project in the construction of national water network and is an important measure to alleviate the shortage of water resources in the Yellow River basin．Needs for eco-hydrology research were put forward. These include response mechanism of ecosystems to human activities and climate change, comprehensive technical approaches on soil and water conservation and ecosystem rehabilitation, advanced techniques of multi-source information fusion, enhancement of systematic research on ecosystem and of integration research with social science．