Fault detection and diagnosis methods for green hydrogen production: A review

One of the green hydrogen projects is Zero Emission Hydrogen Turbine Center (ZEHTC), in which solar panels, PEM electrolyzer, and diaphragm compressor are used to generate power, produce hydrogen and store hydrogen at high pressure, respectively. Faults in any components of photovoltaic (PV) systems, PEM electrolyzers, and diaphragm compressors can seriously affect the efficiency, energy yield as well as security, and reliability of the entire system, if not detected and corrected quickly. In this paper, the types and causes of PV systems, PEM electrolyzer, and diaphragm compressors failures are presented, then different methods proposed in the literature for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) of systems are reviewed and discussed. Special attention is paid to methods that can accurately detect, localize and classify possible faults occurring in a PV arrays. The advantages and limits of FDD methods in terms of feasibility, complexity, cost-effectiveness and generalization capability for large-scale integration are highlighted. Based on the reviewed papers, challenges and recommendations for future research direction are also provided. In this work different model-based approaches are investigated as well as their validation and applications. An overview of different methodologies available in the literature is proposed, which is oriented to help in developing suitable diagnostic tool for PEM electrolyzer monitoring and fault detection and isolation (FDI). Model-based methods provide fault detection and identification, are easy to implement, and could be conducted during system operation.