全球视野下中国劳动力成本优势的弱化与应对

近年来,中国劳动力成本的快速上升引致资本外流,制造业空心化风险逐步加大.对劳动报酬、劳动生产率和单位劳动力成本的全球比较表明,2011年以来中国劳动力成本优势明显弱化:一方面与其他新兴经济体相比,已基本不具有劳动力成本优势,甚至发生一定的反转(如印度尼西亚、墨西哥等国);另一方面,与欧美等发达国家和地区相比,尽管还具有明显的劳动力成本优势,但这种劳动力成本优势可能被其他因素(能源成本、产业政策、税收政策等)削弱.中国劳动力成本优势弱化的原因是劳动报酬的上涨速度快于劳动生产率的提升速度,劳动报酬上升较快主要是由于劳动力供给增速低于需求增速,而技能型人才(高级技工)短缺导致劳动生产率增速放缓.中国制造业再也不能简单地以低劳动力成本取胜,企业必须由低成本竞争转向高技术竞争和差异化竞争.政府应致力于提高生育率和劳动参与率以增加有效劳动力供给,加快"双一流"建设和现代职业教育发展以优化劳动力供给结构,深化财税和金融体制改革以降低企业成本.

An International Comparative Study on Labor Compensation,Labor Productivity and Labor Cost Advantage

In recent years,labor cost is rising rapidly in China,the problem of capital outflow becomes more and more serious accordingly and the risk of the hollowing out of manufacturing industry is gradually increasing. The global comparison of labor compensation,labor productivity and unit labor cost shows that since 2011 the labor cost advantage of China is obviously weakened, on the one hand, comparing with other emerging new economy countries, China basically loses labor cost advantage and even certain reversion has happened like Indonesia and Mexico and so on,on the other hand,compared with the developed countries like the United States and European countries,although China is significantly having labor cost advantage, this kind of labor cost advantage can be weakened by other factors such as energy cost, industrial policy, tax policy and so on. The reason for the weakening of China's labor cost advantage is that labor compensation growth rate is largely surpassing the growth of labor productivity,the rapid labor compensation growth is mainly because labor supply growth rate is lower than demand growth rate, however, skill talents shortage results in slow labor productivity growth. Chinese manufacturing industry should not win by simply using low labor cost and Chinese enterprises must change from low cost competition to high-tech competition and differentiated competition. Chinese Government should make efforts to raise birth rate and labor participation rate to effectively increase labor supply, accelerate double top -grade construction and modern vocational education development to optimize labor supply structure and deepen the reform of financial system and tax system to lower enterprise cost.