土壤有机碳作用及转化机制研究进展

对土壤有机碳作用的综述研究显示:直至20世纪末,对于土壤有机碳的研究主要集中于阐明具不同化学结构有机物质在土壤中的功能,如胡敏酸、富里酸、黄腐酸的化学结构特征及在土壤肥力中的作用。中欧近年的研究则更关注按照有机碳在土壤中的转化特征进行分组,尝试建立这一分组与土壤有机碳功能的关联。按照转化特征,土壤有机碳可分为稳定性有机碳和营养性有机碳两大类型。前者主要指封存于土壤黏粒中的有机碳,很难被土壤微生物分解和矿化。后者主要指通过作物收获后地表及根系残留物、还田秸秆、有机肥施肥进入土壤的有机碳,是土壤有机碳中易于转化的、活跃的组分,也是形成土壤腐殖质和团聚体的主要前体物质。对土壤肥力具有重要意义。多点长期定位试验研究结果显示:土壤有机碳含量实际上表达了土壤中有机碳输入与分解两个过程的动态平衡。当输入量小于矿化量,将导致土壤有机碳含量和土壤肥力下降。当每年输入的有机碳量大于矿化量,土壤有机碳含量会持续上升;直至每年输入量与矿化量相等,土壤有机碳含量不再增加,此时,土壤有机碳含量达到平衡点。在一般农业生产条件下,达到平衡点的时间周期为20—30年。在营养性有机碳投入量过高情况下,这一动态平衡系统也会...

Research Progress of SOC Functions and Transformation Mechanisms

Up to end of last century, studies on SOC were mainly concentrated in identifying chemical structures of different organic materials in soil, such as structural characteristics of humic or fulvic acids and their related functions for soil quality. In recent years, focus on SOC has been laid on SOC transformation characteristics in soil, trying to establish the relationship between SOC functions and the grouping according to SOC transformation characteristics. According to the transformation properties, SOC can be divided into two groups, including the stable SOC and the active SOC. The first one refers mainly to the SOC closely combined with clay or fine silt and it is difficult to be decomposed and mineralized by soil microorganisms. Stable SOC belongs to passive and inert SOC pool in soil. The second one refers to SOC, which mainly consists of crop residues and roots after harvesting, crop straws returned to farmland and organic manures applied. The active SOC belongs to nutritive and labile SOC pool in soil. This part of SOC is of great importance to soil fertility. SOC concentration is actually the expression of dynamic equilibrium of two processes. One is the input of organic materials to soil and the other one is the decomposition and mineralization of SOC. When the amount of organic material input is less than the mineralized amount, the SOC concentration and soil fertility will decrease. When the annual input of organic carbon is greater than the annual mineralization amount, the SOC concentration will keep rising until the annual input is equal to the annual mineralized amount. At this moment, SOC concentration will no longer increase and reaches the equilibrium point. Under normal agricultural production conditions, the duration for reaching equilibrium point needs 20 to 30 years. If the active SOC input is in very high level, the dynamic equilibrium system will also lead to a high amount of SOC mineralization annually. In such case, it might lead to a loss of mineral nutrients from soil into water and atmospheric environments, especially mineral nitrogen loss. For the purposes of soil fertility improvement and environmental protection, the active SOC input for farmland should be controlled to the level equal to the annual SOC mineralization amount, sustaining the so-called balance with positive zero. New research shows that the active SOC, after entering soil, is decomposed into a series of short-chain chemical compounds by soil organisms. These short-chain chemical compounds combine with soil mineral particles and form soil organic-mineral aggregates through bioturbation. A lot of soil fertility properties are positively affected by formation of these aggregates. Influenced by humification, decomposition and other processes of SOC, aggregation and disaggregation in soil occur simultaneously and consistently. In order to maintain stability of the total aggregates in soil and to increase soil fertility, sustained and abundant active SOC should be inputted to soil. Variation of SOC concentration depends mainly on climate, soil texture and land use forms. Among the artificial influences, land use form changing has the greatest impact on SOC concentration. In comparison, farming managements, such as fertilization, straw returning, tillage and crop rotation, have much less impacts on SOC concentration. In arable land, crops with different growth periods, tillage and harvesting managements will produce different amounts of above ground residues and root residues after harvesting. Depending on residue quantity and quality, different crops are of different capacity for SOC reproduction. According to the differentiated SOC reproduction capacities, field crops can be divided into two types: SOC increasing crops and SOC consuming crops. For farmland with SOC consuming crops, it is very important to introduce SOC increasing crops in rotation or to apply organic manure or organic materials to field, in order to sustain soil fertility.