Power management system for a fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle incorporating fuel cell and battery degradation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Fuel Cells and Batteries, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;1. State Key Lab of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China;2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, PR China;3. Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;1. Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Highway, Shanghai 201804, China;2. School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Highway, Shanghai 201804, China;3. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lotus Street, Zhengzhou 450007, China;1. State Key Lab of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China;2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, PR China;3. Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-3: Electrochemical Process Engineering, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany;4. SAIC Motor Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201804, PR China;1. State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions & School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China;2. Faculty of Transportation Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA |
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| Abstract: | Optimization of fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle systems has primarily focused on reducing fuel consumption. However, it is also necessary to focus on fuel cell and battery durability as inadequate lifespan is still a major barrier to the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. Here, we introduce a power management strategy which concurrently accounts for fuel consumption as well as fuel cell and battery degradation. Fuel cell degradation is quantified using a simplified electrochemical model which provides an analytical solution for the decay of the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) in the fuel cell by accounting for the performance loss due to transient power load, start/stop cycles, idling and high power load. The results show that the performance loss based on remaining ECSA matches well with test data in the literature. A validated empirical model is used to relate Lithium-ion battery capacity decay to C-rate. Simulations are then conducted using a typical bus drive cycle to optimize the fuel cell/battery hybrid system. We demonstrate that including these degradation models in the objective function can effectively extend the lifetime of the fuel cell at the expense of higher battery capacity decay resulting in a lower average running cost over the lifetime of the vehicle. |
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| Keywords: | Power management Durability Hybrid vehicle PEMFC ECSA Lithium-ion battery |
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