地质样品中贵金属分析方法现状及展望

贵金属是具有战略地位的稀有关键矿产资源,地质样品中贵金属元素的准确分析对于保障国家贵金属资源安全具有重要的现实意义。文章阐述并归纳了近年来贵金属地质样品的采集、制备、分解、分离富集及测试的现状和应用进展,对样品分解过程中常用的火试金法和湿分解法,分离富集过程中常用的共沉淀法、吸附法、萃取法、离子交换树脂法、蒸馏法及测试中常用的分光光度法、原子吸收光谱法、原子发射光谱法、中子活化法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法等进行了介绍和总结,并对贵金属分析前景进行了展望。超高温高压溶样技术具有高效、易挥发元素不易损失、试剂本底值容易控制等优点,如果将来其能够在取样量和复杂矿种消解难点上取得进一步突破,再联合具有多元素同时测定、高灵敏度、高稳定性的电感耦合等离子体质谱技术,将为地质样品中贵金属元素分析方法带来突破性进展。

Status and prospect of analytical methods for precious metal in geological sample

Precious metals are rare and key mineral resources with strategic positions. The accurate analysis of precious metal elements in geological samples is of great practical significance for ensuring the safety of national precious metal resources. The current situation and application progress of collection, preparation, decomposition, separation and enrichment and testing of precious metal geological samples in recent years was reviewed and summarized. The commonly used methods in the decomposition of sample, i.e., fire assay and wet decomposition method, were introduced. Moreover, the commonly used methods in separation and enrichment process including coprecipitation, adsorption, extraction, ion-exchange resin method, distillation, and the commonly used methods in testing including spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, neutron activation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were also introduced and summarized. The prospect in the analysis of precious metals was forecasted. If the ultra-high temperature and high-pressure sample dissolution technology, which has the advantages of high efficiency, low loss of volatile elements, and easy control of reagent background value, could achieve further development in sampling amount and digestion of complicated ore samples, its combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, which has the advantages in simultaneous determination of multi-elements, high sensitivity and high stability, would bring breakthrough progress for the analysis of precious metal elements in geological samples.