泡沫灭火剂中全氟辛烷磺酸类物质的管控行为及替代物研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸（perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS）使水成膜泡沫灭火剂（aqueous film forming foam，AFFF）具有较好的耐高温和抗烧能力，但由于PFOS的难降解性、生物富集性及毒性，国内外相继对PFOS类物质进行了管控。本文简述和分析了泡沫灭火剂中PFOS类物质的管控行为及替代物研究，分析表明管控行动逐步从限制走向淘汰，研究泡沫灭火剂中PFOS类物质的替代物极为迫切；替代物的研究方向主要有两个，一个是泡沫灭火剂中短氟碳链类表面活性剂研究及短氟碳链泡沫灭火剂的灭火效果验证，但短氟碳链类表面活性剂可能存在长期环境持久性的问题；另一个是泡沫灭火剂中无氟类表面活性剂的研究，如有机硅表面活性剂、甜菜碱型表面活性剂、纯化皂苷表面活性剂，但无氟类表面活性剂可能会影响无氟泡沫灭火剂的表面活性、灭火能力、灭火效果等。泡沫灭火剂中PFOS类物质的替代物研发尚任重而道远。

Research progress on control behaviors and substitutes of PFOS in foam extinguishing agents

Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) extinguishing agent performs well in terms of high temperature resistance and fire resistance because of Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). However, PFOS substances have been controlled successively internationally due to its difficult biodegradability, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Control behaviors and substitutes researches of PFOS in foam extinguishing agents are briefly summered and analyzed in this paper. The results showed that control behaviors are gradually from restriction to elimination, and it is extremely urgent to research and develop new substitutes of PFOS in foam extinguishing agent. There are two research directions of new PFOS substitutes, one of which is the research of short fluorocarbon-chain surfactants in foam extinguishing agent and the verification of its fire extinguishing effect, but there may be long-term environmental durability problem. The another is the research of fluorine-free surfactants, such as silicone surfactant, betaine surfactant and purified saponin surfactant, in foam extinguishing agent, however, the surface activity, fire extinguishing capability and the fire extinguishing efficiency of foam extinguishing agent with these fluorine-free surfactants may be affected. Thus, it is a tough challenge to research and develop new PFOS substitutes in foam extinguishing agent in future.