经肺动脉血管内栓塞治疗难治性大咯血

目的 了解经体动脉(SA)栓塞术后无效或合并SA栓塞禁忌证的难治性大咯血的肺动脉(PA)造影表现,评价经PA血管内栓塞治疗的效果.方法 102例接受血管内栓塞治疗咯血患者,6例大咯血者在SA栓塞术后无法即刻止血,1例大咯血者支气管动脉栓塞后无效合并其他SA栓塞禁忌证.7例中原发病为慢性空洞型肺结核3例、慢性空洞型肺结核合并曲菌球1例、结核性支气管扩张1例、重症坏死性肺炎1例和支气管扩张合并肺大疱1例.对其行患侧的主PA造影,对病变部位的PA远端行选择性插管造影,对发现的病理性血管行栓塞治疗,并随访观察临床疗效.结果 SA造影均可见体-肺动脉分流,通过分流发现假性肺动脉瘤(PAPA)2例和PA末梢瘤样扩张2例.主PA造影发现1例PAPA外,其余均表现为病变部位的PA呈低灌注.对6例低灌注的病变部位PA行选择性插管造影发现PAPA 4例,其中1例对比剂直接外溢;PA末梢瘤样扩张2例.对以上病理性血管应用弹簧圈进行栓塞.术后均即刻止血,除1例术后仍有反复痰中带血,2例分别于术后6 d和15 d死于重症感染和呼吸衰竭(期间无咯血),其余患者未再咯血.结论 难治性大咯血需考虑PA出血,PAPA是其主要形式;主PA造影常表现为病变部位的PA低灌注,此时PA选择性插管造影是必要的,且经其行血管内栓塞治疗是有效和安全的.

Endovascular embolization through pulmonary artery access for refractory massive hemoptysis

Objective To determine the effectiveness of endovascular embolization through pulmonary artery access in patients with refractory massive hemoptysis in whom systemic artery (SA)embolization is ineffective or contraindicated. Methods A total of 102 patients were treated with SA embolization for hemoptysis. Of the 102 patients, 6 patients had severe persistent hemoptysis despite complete SA embolization and 1 patient had severe hemoptysis following complete bronchial artery embolization and other SA embolization was contraindicated. The underlying diseases were chronic cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 3), chronic cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with aspergilloma (n=1), tuberculous bronchiectasis (n=1), severe necrotizing pneumonia (n=1) and bronchiectasis complicated with pneumatocele (n=1). The findings of SA angiography, main pulmonary angiography and selective pulmonary angiography were analyzed. Endovascular embolization was performed in patients with the detectable pathology in PA and the clinical results were observed. Results The findings of SA angiography showed bronchopulmonary shunting in all cases, and pseudoaneurysm of PA in 2 cases and hypertrophy of peripheral PA in 2 cases. The main PA angiography demonstrated pseudoaneurysm of PA in 1 case and hypoperfusion of the diseased PA in other case. The selective PA angiography demonstrated pseudoaneurysm of PA in 4 cases (1 case with extravasation of constrast medium) and hypertrophy ofperipheral PA in 2 cases. Coil embolizations of the pathologic PA were successfully performed and bleeding ceased in all patients. During follow-up, 1 patient had episodic bloody sputum after embolization, and 2 died day 6 and 15 of severe infection and respiratory failure and the remaining patients were all stable.Conclusions In patients with refractory massive hemoptysis after systemic embolization, the possibility of PA pathology, especially pseudoaneurysm of PA should be considered. Selective pulmonary angiography is necessary to demonstrate the pathology in PA. Endovascular management of the pathologic PA appears to be a safe and effective treatment.