药用真菌桑黄的种类解析

桑黄的药用记载源自两千多年前的《神农本草经》中的「桑耳」,桑黄名称最早出自唐初甄权所著《药性论》。桑黄异于其他药用真菌之处是外观相似的种类多。两千年来多本古籍所记载之桑黄,乃不同人对于不同真菌种类的阐述,因为古代无能力研究显微特征以区分种类,亦无分子手段进行种类鉴定。现代桑黄的研究起于1968年日本学者发现桑黄的卓越抗癌能力。日、韩过去普遍以Phellinus linteus当作桑黄的拉丁学名。然而,中国学者在1998年发现P. linteus是中美洲的种类,亚洲并无分布。2012年发表真正的桑黄为新种Inonotus sanghuang,只长在桑树上。2016年发表桑黄及其相近种类属于新属：桑黄孔菌属Sanghuangporus,桑黄的拉丁学名因此改为Sanghuangporus sanghuang。桑黄孔菌属目前所知有14种,与生长的树种常具有专一性,只有桑树桑黄这一种长在桑树上。桑树桑黄的药理活性优于市售常见的杨树桑黄S. vaninii及暴马桑黄S. baumii。在中、日、韩广泛栽培的所谓桑黄子实体并非桑树桑黄,而是杨树桑黄（简称杨黄）。有鉴于桑树桑黄及杨树桑黄的优良保健功效及安全性,建议政府部门应尽早研究将这两种药用真菌收录于中国药典,纳入食品原料以及中药品,以促进民众健康和桑黄产业发展;并且应该明确规范这两种药用真菌产品的正确拉丁学名及中文名称。

Species clarification of the medicinal fungus Sanghuang

The first record on the medicinal use of “Sanghuang” date back 2 000 years to China’s The Divine Farmer’s Materia Medica, by the name “Sanger”. The term “Sanghuang” was first reported in a Chinese medicinal book The characters of drugs written by Zhen Quan in early Tang Dynasty. Sanghuang differs from other medicinal fungi in having many morphologically resembling species. The “Sanghuang” appeared in the numerous ancient books has been described by different people and actually represents different species. In ancient times it was not possible to study both microscopic morphological features and DNA sequencing, to clarify species separation. Modern research of Sanghuang originated from discovery of its excellent anti-tumor capability by the Japanese scholars in 1968. In Japan and Korea, Phellinus linteus was long adopted as the scientific binomial for the Sanghuang species. However, in 1998 the Chinese mycologists found P. linteus is distributed in Central America, not in Asia. In 2012, the genuine Sanghuang was presented as a new species, Inonotus sanghuang, grows only on Morus. In 2016, the new genus Sanghuangporus was proposed to accommodate I. sanghuang and some other closely related species, and Sanghuangporus sanghuang thus became the scientific binomial for the Sanghuang species. So far, Sanghuangporus comprises 14 species, which are generally specialized with their host tree species, and S. sanghuang is the only species grows on Morus. Pharmacological activities of S. sanghuang are better than two other commercially available species, S. baumii and S. vaninii. The cultivated fruiting bodies of the so-called Sanghuang in China, Japan and Korea, are not S. sanghuang, but S. vaninii. According to the excellent health-care effects and safety of S. sanghuang and S. vaninii, we suggest the government departments accept these two medicinal fungi in the China Pharmacopoeia, and consider the fungi as safe food stuff and Chinese herbal medicine for promoting development of the Sanghuang industry. It is essential to clearly specify the correct scientific name and Chinese name usages of these two medicinal fungi used in their products.