煤基燃料油品特性与煤制油产业发展分析

基于最新汽油、柴油和航煤质量标准，结合我国市场对成品油需求走向，本文探讨了煤直接液化油、煤间接液化油、加氢煤焦油、煤油共炼产品、甲醇制汽油（MTG汽油）和聚甲氧基二甲醚（DMM_n）等煤基油品的馏分结构与性质，分析了它们对煤制油产业发展的影响。文章指出国家绿色可持续发展需要低硫、低烯烃、低芳烃和高抗爆性能的交通运输燃料，需要降低柴汽比，增产航空煤油。煤基油品的硫氮等有害物质含量低、清洁性很好。除了MTG汽油外，煤基油品的柴汽比过高，需要与石油产品协同发展以满足我国未来的成品油市场需求。费托合成工艺能够直接生产优质柴油和航空喷气燃料油组分，是煤制油产业发展的主要技术路线；煤直接液化工艺所产汽煤柴油馏分性质均不理想，需要持续改进提高；煤油共炼工艺在成品油质量方面弥补了煤直接液化工艺的不足，可作为一条新的煤制油途径。煤焦油加氢可以生产出质量指标达到或接近国Ⅵ标准的车用柴油调和组分，是一条高效利用煤炭加工过程副产品的煤制油技术路线。MTG汽油和DMM_n是优质汽油和柴油组分，能改善炼油企业成品油的柴汽比结构和交通运输燃料产品质量，应加大低成本工艺技术研发、扩大产能。

Analysis on characteristics of coal-based vehicle fuels and development of coal-to-liquids industry

Distillate structure and characteristics of coal-based vehicle fuels derived from direct coal liquefaction and indirect coal liquefaction，coal tar hydrogenation，coal-oil co-processing，methanol to gasoline（MTG） and poly-oxymethylene dimethyl ethers （DMM_n） were discussed. Also，their influence on development of the coal-to-liquids industry was analyzed based on the latest quality standards of vehicle gasoline，diesel and jet fuel products as well as market demand for oil products in China. China's green and sustainable development requires engine fuel with lower sulfur，olefins and aromatics，and high anti-explosion performance，as well as less diesel/gasoline ratio and more jet fuel production. The cleanliness of coal-based vehicle fuels is excellent because of their low content of sulfur，nitrogen and other harmful substances. Diesel/gasoline ratios of the coal-based vehicle fuel oils except MTG gasoline are too high so that the coal-based oils should be developed in coordination with petroleum products to meet the country’s future market demand. Indirect coal liquefaction process which is able to produce high quality diesel and jet fuel components will become the main technical route for the development of coal-to-liquids industry. Direct coal liquefaction process should be further improved to upgrade the properties of its gasoline，kerosene and diesel fractions. Coal-oil co-processing process which makes up for some deficiencies of the direct coal liquefaction process in terms of product quality will be an alternative process of coal-to-liquids. Hydrogenation of coal tars may be an efficient coal-to-liquids process that takes advantage of the by-products of coal processing to produce vehicle fuels blending components meeting or approaching China national Ⅵ standard. Lower cost process of MTG and DMM_n, which are high quality coal-based gasoline and diesel blending components, should be developed to expand production capacity so as to improve the quality of transportation fuel and diesel/gasoline ratio structure in refineries.