生物柴油全生命周期资源和能源消耗分析

针对以菜籽油、麻疯树油和地沟油为原料制取生物柴油过程，应用生命周期评价方法，对原料种植、收集运输、原料预处理、生物柴油生产、产品配送等子过程的土地资源占用、水资源和能源消耗进行了计算，并对能量消耗进行了参数敏感性分析. 结果表明，3种原料生产1 t生物柴油占用土地资源分别为13132, 3333和5 m2，水资源消耗分别为9063.55, 12306.62和1.97 m3，化石能源消耗分别为0.9, 0.67和0.25 MJ. 由于水资源消耗和土地占用主要源于种植环节，能源消耗主要发生在种植和转化环节，在我国适合以地沟油和麻疯树油为原料生产生物柴油. 开发耐旱、高产、高含油率的油料植物品种和新型高效酯交换反应催化剂及优化反应工艺是降低生物柴油全生命周期资源占用和能源消耗的有效措施.

Life Cycle Assessment of Resource and Energy Consumption for Production of Biodiesel

Life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed for a biodiesel production process of 30000 t/a that took into account of resource utilization, energy consumption. The land use, water and energy consumption were calculated and evaluated for three feedstocks, namely, rape seed oil, Jatropha curcas L. oil and waste oil. For rape seed oil and Jatropha curcas L. oil the LCA included the planting, harvesting and transportation, pretreatment, biodiesel production, distribution and consumption, while for the waste oil, there was no planting and waste collection occupying the place of harvesting. The land areas required were 13132, 3333 and 5 m2/t, the amounts of water consumed were 9063.55, 12306.62 and 1.97 m3/t, and amounts of fossil energy consumed were 0.9, 0.67 and 0.25 MJ/t for rape seed oil, Jatropha curcas L. oil, and waste oil based biodiesel, respectively. The results showed that the planting and production processes used most of the resources and energy. Waste oil and Jatropha curcas L. oil should be developed as biodesel feedstock in China. The effective way to decrease biodiesel life cycle resource utilization, energy consumption would be to cultivate high quality oil plants, improve the catalyst activity and develop a better transesterification process.