Cognitive avoidance and aversive cues related to tobacco in male smokers |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, South Korea;2. Department of Sports, Chung Ang University, South Korea;3. Department of Industry Academic Cooperation, Chung Ang University, South Korea;1. Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA;2. Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA;3. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA;4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA;5. Center for Translational Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA;6. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA;7. Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA;8. Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA;1. CHUM Research Center, 900, St-Denis street, Viger Tower, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada;2. Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada;3. Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, 7331, Hochelaga Street, Montreal, Québec H1N 3V2, Canada;4. Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundTreatment using aversive conditioning has been suggested for smoking cessation. The efficacy of this method is thought to be associated with cognitive avoidance. We compare differences in avoidance traits and patterns of associated brain activation in response to cues that induce cravings versus aversion between smokers and non-smokers.MethodsFifteen smokers and fifteen non-smokers completed cue reactivity tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain responses to craving-inducing cues (Cr) and aversion-inducing cues (Av). Participant avoidant traits were also assessed.ResultsActivation of the left frontal subcallosal gyrus in response to Cr was greater in smokers than in non-smokers. Smokers showed less activation in the right temporal lobe in response to Av than did non-smokers. Brain activation in response to Cr in the left frontal subcallosal gyrus was positively correlated with Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores in smokers. Brain activation in response to Av in the right temporal lobe was negatively correlated with the Korean Version of the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (KCAQ) scores in non-smokers.ConclusionsCognitive avoidance in smokers during aversive stimulation might result in sustaining addictive behaviors. On the other hand, non-smokers may be able to emotionally confront the adverse effects of smoking. |
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