Manipulation of mechanical properties of short pineapple leaf fiber reinforced natural rubber composites through variations in cross-link density and carbon black loading |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Polymer Science and Technology Program, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;2. Rubber Technology Research Center, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;3. Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;1. Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90924 Lodz, Poland;2. Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères,University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang 791-708, Republic of Korea;3. Research & Development Center, Green Science, Taebaek 235-100, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235(W.B), India;3. Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany;4. Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Textilmaschinen und Textile Hochleistungswerkstofftechnik, 01069, Dresden, Germany;1. On study leave from Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia;2. School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the stress–strain behavior of natural rubber reinforced with short pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) can easily be manipulated by changing the cross-link density and the amount of carbon black (CB) primary filler. This gives more manageable control of mechanical properties than is possible with conventional particulate fillers alone. This type of hybrid rubber composite displays a very sharp rise in stress at very low strains, and then the stress levels off at medium strains before turning up again at the highest strains. The composites studied here contain a fixed amount of PALF at 10 part (by weight) per hundred rubber (phr) and varying carbon black contents from 0 to 30 phr. To change the cross-link density, the amount of sulfur was varied from 2 to 4 phr. Swelling ratio results indicate that composites prepared with greater amounts of sulfur and carbon black have greater cross-link densities. Consequently, this affects the stress–strain behavior of the composites. The greater the cross-link density, the less is the strain at which the stress upturn occurs. Variations in the rate of stress increase (although not the stress itself) in the very low strain region, while dependent on fillers, are not dependent on the crosslink density. The effect of changes in crosslinking is most obvious in the high strain region. Here, the rate of stress increase becomes larger with increasing cross-link density. Hence, we demonstrate that the use of PALF filler, along with the usual carbon primary filler, provides a convenient method for the manipulation of the stress–strain relationships of the reinforced rubber. Such composites can be prepared with a controllable, wide range of mechanical behavior for specific high performance engineering applications. |
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| Keywords: | Natural rubber Pineapple leaf fiber Natural fiber Hybrid composite Cross-link density |
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