老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节研究述评

随着社会人口老龄化的发展，老年驾驶人的占比逐年增加，提升老年人的驾驶安全性对于其安全自主出行和公共交通安全均具有重要意义。驾驶自我调节是老年驾驶人为适应身体、认知功能变化而对驾驶行为做出的主动调整，是其提升驾驶安全性、延长驾驶生命和维持自主行动能力的有效补偿策略。通过对已有关于老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节研究进行系统回顾，介绍了老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节行为的定义及其表现，归纳分析了其驾驶自我调节行为的影响因素及产生机制，在此基础上总结了现有研究的局限，并指出了未来进一步研究的主要思路和方向。对文献的梳理和分析表明：老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节包括减少驾驶频率和回避具有挑战性的驾驶情境2种主要形式，并可分为策略性、战术性和生活目标性自我调节3种不同的层次水平；驾驶自我调节是一个复杂的过程，社会人口因素、生理健康和功能状况、心理因素等均可对其产生影响；驾驶自我调节的产生机制可以被概括为是个体从认知到态度改变，再到形成调节行为意向，直至最终发生驾驶行为改变的动态决策过程。未来对老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节行为研究应更进一步将客观驾驶行为数据、医疗机构数据与驾驶人主观自我报告相结合，适当开展追踪研究，考察驾驶自我调节行为随年龄的发展变化趋势，深入探究驾驶自我调节的产生机制及其在降低事故发生和提升驾驶安全性方面的作用。

Review of Driving Self-regulation in Older Adults

With population aging, the proportion of older drivers increases year by year. Driving self-regulation is an active adjustment of driving behavior made by older drivers to compensate for the growing deficits in their physical and cognitive functions, which could effectively improve driving safety, extend driving life, and maintain independence. In this review, we introduced the definition and types of driving self-regulation in older adults, and summarized the influencing factors and the potential mechanisms of driving self-regulation. Additionally, we discussed the limitations of the existing research and suggested the directions of future research. The results show that older drivers modify or adjust their driving patterns mainly by reducing driving frequency and avoiding challenging driving situations. Self-regulatory behaviors can be classified into three distinct levels:strategic, tactical, and life-goal. Driving self-regulation is a complex process which is influenced by demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender), health and functional status, and psychological factors (e.g., confidence, self-efficacy, awareness, and attitude). Furthermore, the mechanism of driving self-regulation could be explained as a dynamic process of decision-making, which includes variation in an individual's attitude towards driving, formation of behavior intention, and execution of self-regulatory behavior. Future research on self-regulation of older drivers should combine the naturalistic driving data, health and functioning data from medical records, and the self-reported data based on validated questionnaires. In addition, longitudinal research is required to gain a complete understanding of the developmental trends and variations in driving self-regulation over time, its mechanisms, and its role in reducing accidents and improving driving safety.