肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员在免疫系统和疾病中的研究

肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, TNFRSF) 是细胞因子受体的一个蛋白质超家族，其显著特征是通过细胞外富含半胱氨酸结构域结合肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor，TNF)。肿瘤坏死因子受体(tumor necrosis factor receptors，TNFRs)是古老的细胞因子，TNFRs同源基因最早可追溯到节肢动物果蝇中。TNFRs在炎症反应、细胞凋亡、淋巴细胞稳态和组织发育中发挥重要的作用，TNFRs最主要的功能是与免疫系统相关。鉴于其在免疫系统中发挥重要的作用，肿瘤坏死因子受体家族成员已成为治疗糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、骨质疏松、自身免疫性疾病、移植排斥反应和癌症等人类疾病的靶点。随着科学技术发展，关于TNFRs的功能有了新的进展，在无脊椎动物和低等脊椎动物中已经有大量报道。在本篇综述中，主要总结了在高等哺乳动物中发现的29种TNFR成员的相关报道，包括8种死亡受体和21种非死亡受体，主要涉及在免疫系统以及与疾病相关领域的研究。大多数研究处于基础实验阶段，少数走向临床研究的案例取得的临床效果并不理想，靶向设计针对自身免疫性疾病、炎症和肿瘤疾病的治疗方案需要更深入的理解TNFRs功能。本文旨在对TNFRs成员发挥的功能有进一步的认识。

Research on Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor SuperfamilyMembers in the Immune System and Diseases

The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) is a protein superfamily of cytokine receptors characterized by the ability to bind tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) via an extracellular cysteine-rich domain. Tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) are ancient cytokines, and the homologous genes of TNFRs can be traced back to arthropod fruit flies. TNFRs play an important role in inflammatory responses, apoptosis, lymphocyte homeostasis and tissue development. The most important function of TNFR is related to the immune system. In view of their functions, TNFR gene members have been targeted for the treatment of human diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, allograft rejection and cancer. With the development of science and technology, new progresses have been made in the function of TNFRs, which have been widely reported in invertebrates and lower vertebrates. In this review, we summarize the reports of 29 TNFR members found in higher mammals, including 8 death receptors and 21 non-death receptors, and the research of immune system and disease-related fields are mainly discussed. Most of the studies are in the basic experimental stage, and a small amount of researches that have entered the clinical stage have not achieved satisfactory results. A deeper understanding of the functions of TNFRs is needed for targeted design treatment for autoimmune diseases, inflammation and tumor diseases. This article aims to gain a better understanding of the functions of TNFR members.