A local positive feedback of the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system on interdecadal timescales

SINCE THE 1990S, THE CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ON INTERDE- CADAL TIME SCALES BECAME THE FOCUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATOLOGY RESEARCH MISSIONS[1―3]. ON TIME SCALES OF A DECADE OR MORE, THE OCEAN CIRCULATION PREDOMINATEDHEAT BALANCE AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, S…     

百余年上海冬夏季降水与太平洋海温的相关关系及其年代际差异

利用上海1873—2001年的冬季和夏季降水量与太平洋海温资料，通过计算上海冬季和夏季降水量与太平洋海温的同期和超前相关以及滑动相关系数，讨论上海冬季和夏季降水年代际变化趋势及其与太平洋海温场的相关关系在不同年代和不同空间区域上的显差异．分析发现，上海冬季和夏季的降水均存在明显的年代际阶段性变化，但总体雨量增加的趋势不明显，降水量和太平洋海温的相关关系在不同年代和不同空间区域上存在着显的差异，这种年代际相关关系的差异可能是造成用统计方法做短期气候预测时产生不确定性的主要原因之一．因此作为短期气候预测的常用预报因子之一的太平洋海温场在进行统计预报的应用过程中，适当地考虑在不同时间尺度上的相关差异，将有利于提高预测的准确性和减少统计预测方法中的不确定性．     

ENSO循环与行星位置的相互关系(Ⅰ):木星、土星视赤纬与赤道东太平洋海温的联系

 利用通用天文软件SKYMap Pro Version 8计算了木星和土星的月视赤纬,将其与ENSO循环及赤道太平洋关键区海温距平进行对比分析,发现两者存在明显联系,主要包括:木星视赤纬由正经过赤道变为负时,容易发生EL-Nino事件,而且事件持续时间较长,1980年代及以前发生过3次这样的情况都对应持续较长的EL-Nino事件,1980年代以后的2次EL-Nino事件群发期,其中心都发生在木星视赤纬从正向负转化期间.EL-Nino易发生在木星视赤纬的正极值和赤道附近,而负极值附近很少发生.LA-Nnia事件在1980年代及以前发生在木星视赤纬极值和赤道之间的中间视赤纬区域内,但1980年代以后,则容易发生在木星视赤纬负极值附近.一些EL-Nino事件发生年的木星视赤纬位置近乎在1条直线上,过去60年中有4条这样的直线,将EL-Nino事件分成4个组,每个组内都准确地由4个事件组成.当土星视赤纬靠近或离开赤道时(大概在±5°~10°),都会有EL-Nino发生,但在赤道区域却几乎不发生EL-Nino事件.     

21世纪海洋能源开发利用展望及其环境效应分析

本文针对当前人类面临着“陆地资源和能源日势严峻”的危机,提出了“海洋资源和能源是世界经济发展的新增长点;人类要生存,要持续发展,就必须运用海洋高科技开发技术,开发利用海洋”的观点。并通过对海洋能源效应的系统分析和计算,重新评价了海洋能源,论述了只有海洋才能为人类提供应有尽有的资源和能源;只有合理、有序地开发利用海洋、才能使人类实现可持续发展,特别强调：在开发利用海洋资源和能源的同时,要注意环境效应     

Parasites of the blue shark (Prionace glauca L.), in the North-East Atlantic Ocean

A total of 159 blue sharks, ranging in length from 64 to 228 cm, was collected from the tuna drift-net fishery operating in the North-East Atlantic Ocean, and a parasite analysis conducted. The parasite assemblage consisted of three copepod species, one nematode species and four cestode species. The copepods Kroyeria lineata and Phyllothereus cornutus both occurred on the gills, while Echthrogaleus coleoptratus occurred on the skin. The third larval stage of the nematode Anisakis simplex was recorded from the lumen of both the stomach and spiral valve, but it seems likely that these specimens were a build up of parasites from consumed prey, and were not actively parasitizing the sharks. The cestodes Prosobothrium armigerum, Anthobothrium laciniatum and Platybothrium auriculatum were all recorded from the spiral valve, while Hepatoxylon trichiuri was recorded from the body cavity. All species with the exception of E. coleoptratus displayed a negative binomial distribution, although Green's Index determined that the degree of aggregation was only slight. Infection parameters varied widely among species, but the most abundant parasite was K. lineata, which was recorded from all of the sharks examined.     

Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa,Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R.V. Polarstern,with the description of four new species

Fifteen species of the genus Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher have been studied, four of which are new to science (Symplectoscyphus anae sp. nov., S. frigidus sp. nov., S. sofiae sp. nov. and S. weddelli sp. nov.). The material studied originates from the Weddell Sea and was collected by several French and German Antarctic expeditions with R.V. Polarstern. Each species is described and figured, the systematic position amongst allied species discussed and available data concerning autecology and geographical distribution given. The type material of five poorly known species of Symplectoscyphus, S. aggregatus (Jäderholm), S. cumberlandicus (Jäderholm), S. glacialis (Jäderholm), S. hero Blanco and S. plectilis (Hickson and Gravely), has been re-examined, re-described and figured. Finally, a general survey of the bathymetrical and biogeographical distribution of the known Antarctic species is given.     

New species and records of Flabellifera from the Indian Ocean (Crustacea: Peracarida: Isopoda)

In this study of flabelliferan Isopoda from the Indian Ocean, 19 species are described as new, in 11 genera and two families: family Cirolanidae, Baharilana koloura, B. lira, Cirolana aldabrensis, C. mimulus, C. somalia, C. undata, Eurydice paxilli, and Metacirolana chemola; family Sphaeromatidae, Cassidinidea clarkae, Cymodoce fuscina, C. lirella, Dynamenella alveolata, D. remex, Heterodina (new genus), H. mccaini, Oxinasphaera brucei, O. furcata, O. tetrodon, Paracilicaea stauros, and Sphaeromopsis sulcifera. Diagnoses of the genera and species are provided, and keys to the Indian Ocean species of most of the genera are provided. The material comes primarily from Aldabra Atoll, the granitic Seychelles islands, Zanzibar Island, and Phuket in Thailand. A few miscellaneous samples from the South African Museum collections, and from the International Indian Ocean Expedition carried out in the mid‐1960s are included.     

The extent of coral bleaching in Rodrigues, 2002

The reefs of Rodrigues were some of the few reef areas in the Indian Ocean to escape the mass coral bleaching event of 1997–1998. However, during the last 2 weeks of February 2002 Rodrigues experienced sea-water temperatures over 30°C, clear skies and calm seas. Rapid assessments of the degree of coral bleaching and coral mortality were carried out at 22 sites around the coast of Rodrigues during March 2002. The surveys showed that the bleaching event in Rodrigues was not widespread, occurring at less than one-third of the sites surveyed and that coral mortality was restricted to sites in the north and west of the island. Where mortality did occur, it was severe, affecting up to 75% of corals at some sites. Coral species most vulnerable were Acropora cytherea and Acropora abrotanoides, which suffered up to 100% mortality. These colonies were still standing and had been very recently overgrown with turf algae. At present the reefs around Rodrigues are in good health, however, they are being impacted by over-fishing and sedimentation, and proposed developments have the potential to cause further damage to the reefs. It is likely that stressed corals will recover from bleaching events more slowly. It is therefore important that the coral reefs in Rodrigues are adequately protected from human impacts in order to increase their chances of surviving future bleaching events.     

Species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Kirchenpaueriidae) from US Antarctic expeditions,with the description of three new species

Seventeen species of the genus Oswaldella Stechow have been studied, three of which are new to science (Oswaldella frigida sp. nov., O. medeae sp. nov. and O. monomammillata sp. nov.). The material studied was collected by several US Antarctic expeditions. Each species is described and figured, the systematic position amongst allied species is discussed and available data concerning autecology and geographical distribution are given. The remaining eight known species of the genus are also considered, regarding synonymy, autecology and geographical distribution. Finally, a general survey of the bathymetrical and biogeographical distribution of the known species of Oswaldella is given.