环境岩土工程研究现状与展望

小环境岩土工程问题已经逐渐成为环境岩土工程研究的热点问题。笔者对环境岩土工程的研究内容作了简要介绍，简述了国内外在小环境岩土工程研究方面的现状和进展，重点就垃圾卫生填埋问题，特别是沿海软土地区垃圾堆埋场的设计等问题进行了讨论，对国内环境岩土工程的发展提出了一些看法。     

垃圾夯扩短桩在邯郸市的工程实践

本文阐述垃圾夯扩短桩在邯郸新近堆积软土场地上的工程尝试,分析了其加固地基的机理,结合工程实例论述了夯扩短桩在邯郸的适用性及其推广应用前景     

北京市朝阳区沙子营垃圾污染物在潜水含水层中迁移规律的现场模拟实验

选择北京平原区水文地质、环境地质等方面都比较典型的沙子营垃圾堆放场,建立了其水文地质模型。在充分收集资料、分析得出部分计算所需参数后,采用现场弥散实验、勘查取样测试等方法,求得了该含水层的弥散系数等参数;用二维非稳定流溶质运移方程对污染物在此含水层中的迁移扩散规律、速度和污染范围等进行了模拟计算;采用现场钻探、取样测试分析等方法,评价了该含水层的实际污染状况。实验模拟计算和现场调查结果表明:污染物在潜水含水层中的运移规律遵循二维非稳定流场中的溶质运移方程,污染物在潜水含水层中的运移速度约为86.25m/a,迁移扩散主要发生在地下水流向上,侧向扩散宽度极小,是地下水流向上的1/17。     

垃圾和垃圾学──一门新兴科学的出现及其对中国固体废物处理事业的意义

垃圾产生于社会的每一个角落，垃圾也反映了人类生活的各个方面。可是，直至最近，社会依然极少理会垃圾中真正蕴藏着些什么，以及垃圾能够告诉我们些什么。１９７３年美国图森市亚利桑那大学威廉·拉舍基博士（ＷｉｌｌｉａｍＬＲａｔｈｊｅ）及其同事们所建立并发展的垃级计划，标志着一门新科学──垃圾学的兴起，即垃圾的系统研究、垃圾产生、运移、利用和处置的机理以及相关的社会经济和环境问题。美国和其它少数国家的垃圾学研究所揭示的各种事实、定律和原理，正划时代地碰击着现代社会、社会心理学、市场和许多其它领域，大量的城市固体废物不仅意味着自然资源的巨大浪费，而且垃圾处理，无论焚化或者填埋，都对环境构成了严重污染的威胁，尤其是对地下水资源。垃圾的管理、再循环和处置费用是昂贵的，而且总是受到错综复杂的社会和法律冲突的挑战，纽约和美国东部其它人口稠密地区所面临的严峻形势就是最好的例证，解决现今进退维谷的垃圾问题，需要包括技术的、社会的、环境的、经济的、政治的、法律的和公共教育在内的多方面协作。中国正经历着令人振奋的经济发展时期。预计以现在的国民经济发展速度，以及因巨量人口而导致的社会消费的急剧增长，在未来１０～２０年内，很有可能导致严重的     

不同预冻速率对猪主动脉冻干过程的影响

本实验将猪主动脉血管的冷冻干燥与微CT扫描结合,对不同的预冻速率下的猪主动脉血管及冻干各阶段进行非侵入地扫描,并利用软件得到的孔隙率与灰度值,比较出不同处理方法对血管造成的差异。其中,预冻过程降温速率为0.5℃·min^-1,1℃·min^-1,2℃·min^-1的血管冻干前后孔隙率的变化率分别为11.9%,16.6%,29.7%;平均灰度值的变化率分别为2.27%,3.64%,6.36%。同时,也对升华过程的界面移动进行了扫描,从血管组成结构的角度分析了造成界面移动变化的原因。     

地质雷达及其在环境地质中的应用

本文结合近几年联邦德国在环境地质方面的研究工作对地质雷达在环境工程领域中的应用范围及其局限性作了简要总结,文中并介绍了地质雷达技术的方法原理及存在问题。     

遥感解译在南京市生活垃圾填埋场识别中的应用

运用遥感技术对南京市航空影像进行了解译工作,提取了面积大于10 000 m2的垃圾场位置并进行了实地查证和分析比对,绘制出南京市垃圾填埋场分布图,为南京市垃圾场的适宜性评价工作奠定了基础。     

城市垃圾性质及其填埋场的工程地质评价

卫生填埋是现阶段处理城市垃圾的主要方法,正确评价,选择填埋垃圾的工程性质对填埋场的设计极为重要;填埋场是一个综合性污染源,若处理不当,会产生严重的环境工程地质问题,做好填埋场的工程地质研究,对于水资源及环境保护具有重要意义,本文对城市垃圾的工程性质进行了分析,评价,从环境工程地质学的角度对合肥市清溪路垃圾埋场的地基勘察,主要工程地质问题及应采取的工程措施进行了探讨。     

Protective effect of topically applied polypeptide from Chlamys farreri against ultraviolet radiation-induced chronic skin damage in guinea pig

Polypeptide fromChlamys farreri (PCF), a topical polypeptide isolated fromChlamys farreri, was used in this experiment aimed to investigate the photoprotective effect of PCF against chronic skin damage induced by ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The chronic ultraviolet-irradiated guinea pig model was established, and visible changes in the skin including wrinkling, sagging and erythema were observed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) in the dorsal skin were determined using biochemical methods. The results showed: (1) PCF (5 % and 20%) could greatly protect the dorsal skin of guinea pig against wrinkling, sagging and erythema induced by UV radiation in a concentration-dependent manner. (2) PCF could reduce MDA formation in the dorsal skin caused by UV irradiation, while increasing the activities of SOD and GSH-px. (3) The differences among the PCF groups and UV model group were significant (P<0.05,P<0.01). These results indicated that topical application, of PCF provided broad solar UV spectrum photoprotection; and that the antioxidant property of PCF might play a role in photoprotection. Project No. 39970638 supported by the NSFC, and the Science and Technology Bureau of Qingdao (No. 2001-28-50).     

The Reference Manure Concept for Transformation Tests of Veterinary Medicines and Biocides in Liquid Manure

Veterinary medicines and biocides are frequently applied in animal houses of livestock husbandry. Due to these application patterns, they reach liquid manure. So far these substances are not transformed during manure storage, they enter soil by the application of manure as organic fertilizer. Therefore, biodegradability of veterinary medicines and biocides in manure is in the focus of regulatory procedures of environmental risk assessment. Since the representative and reproducible sampling of manures from high volume tanks is considered impossible due to high matrix variabilities, the reference manure concept was developed to utilize liquid bovine and pig manures for reproducible laboratory testing. Accordingly, excrement samples of cattle and pigs individually kept at experimental and conventional animal houses were taken. Tap water was added to matrix characterized excrements in order to prepare bovine and pig reference manures of 10 and 5% dry substance contents, respectively. Subsequently, the long‐term transformation of selected ¹⁴C‐labeled test substances was investigated under strictly anaerobic conditions. The application of different batches of bovine or pig reference manures indicated that extrapolation of transformation rates within the same animal species was possible. However, results cannot be transferred from bovine to pig manure because of substance specific interactions with the different manure matrices. The dependency of metabolic dynamics on different dry substance contents (2.5, 5, 10%) was additionally investigated in both manure matrices. These tests clearly showed that the dry substance content of the reference manure is one of the most relevant factors affecting the transformation of veterinary medicines and biocides. In contrast to highly variable tank manures, the reference manure concept allows for the exact adjustment of this parameter to guarantee reproducible laboratory testing.