Impact of prescribed burning on Acacia nilotica seed banks and seedlings in the Astrebla grasslands of northern Australia

Acacia nilotica is a tree of international significance both as a beneficial plant and as a species prone to thicket formation and negative impacts on savannas throughout much of its range. While fire has been identified as a useful tool for controlling negative impacts of some Acacia species in Africa, A. nilotica adult trees are apparently fire tolerant. The effects of fire on seed bank mortality, viability and germination, and on juvenile plants of this species are unknown. We undertook a study to investigate the impacts of fire on seeds and first and second year seedlings in Australian Astrebla savannas. The primary objective was to determine the effects of control burns applied during the early stages of invasion and thicket formation. Because of high rates of seedling dessication post fire in 1997, supplementary watering was undertaken until fire mortality could be measured the following year. High seed mortality occurred for seeds located either in cattle dung (100%) or on the soil surface (c. 80%). Germination of those seeds that survived was enhanced following exposure to fire. Very high fire mortality (99%) was observed among first year seedlings and moderate mortality (60%) for second year seedlings even after a low intensity burn. Negative impacts on major pasture species were minimal. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to A. nilotica fire ecology and to the efficacy of fire as a tool for managing this species.     

地面成像光谱数据的田间杂草识别

地面成像光谱数据兼具高光谱分辨率与高空间分辨率,在田间杂草识别中具有很好的应用前景。目前基于机器视觉的杂草识别方法以形状特征为主,当作物杂草形态相似时识别的困难和利用高光谱特征以像元为单元识别时效率较低,不利于实时自动化除草,因此,本文提出一种综合面向对象与高光谱特征匹配的杂草识别方法,在对作物杂草对象样本的形状特征和光谱曲线提取分析的基础上,建立基于形状特征规则与光谱角匹配的植物对象识别决策树,用于识别实验田中的作物杂草对象。实验结果表明,当场景中某些不同种类植物对象的形态相似时,基于形状特征规则与光谱角匹配的杂草识别方法可借助高光谱特征精细区分植物对象的种类,且在形状特征规则约束下使用高光谱特征匹配法识别植物对象,可克服"同物异谱"和"同谱异物"现象带来的不确定性,该方法识别精度可优于仅使用光谱角匹配法的情况,并优于使用颜色和形状分析技术的情况。     

一种类比坡面侵蚀的优化计算方法

模拟生物行为和一些物理过程的算法为解决复杂优化问题提供了可行的思路。本文通过类比降雨导致的坡面细沟产生和发展过程,提出了一种类比坡面侵蚀的优化算法。该算法采用一种呈周期性变化的适应度评价方法来保持种群的多样性,结合了入侵杂草优化算法和生物地理优化算法,具有较好的全局搜索能力以及局部搜索能力。算例计算表明新算法的计算效率和计算精度相比于以上两种优化算法都有所提高。该算法对研究坡面侵蚀也具有一定的启示作用。     

基于杂草植物的石油烃污染土壤生态修复

在过去的几十年内,人们在致力于采用合适的原位修复技术以加速对现有人为污染的石油烃的降解与净化方面做了大量工作。至今,原位植物修复,即采用高等植物去除、稳定、降解和／或代谢有毒有害污染物的方法,已经成为对石油烃污染环境治理修复的具有前途的新兴技术。杂草植物由于具有大量的纤维根系和极为强壮的特征,因其有助于穿透污染土壤而建立一个强大的根际圈,进而在植物修复方面一般表现为巨大的潜力。本综述首先对石油烃污染土壤实施植物修复所涉及的一些重要机制,包括植物积累、植物稳定、植物降解、植物挥发和根际降解作用,进行了概述和探讨。近年来,在进一步促进石油烃污染土壤的植物修复效率方面,改进并研制了相当数量的实验方法。此外,来自实验研究结果的成功给予研究人员以极大的鼓励,尤其促使人们在田间尺度上实施石油烃污染土壤的植物修复方面做了一些有益的尝试。然而,所有这些工作均存在着诸多局限和困难,有待我们去克服,从而使我们的研究从实验室的尺度发展到田间的应用上。     

Some effects of eutrophication and the removal of aquatic plants by grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) in Lake Parkinson,New Zealand

Temporary removal of aquatic plants in Lake Parkinson, a small, eutrophic dune lake, resulted in a number of changes to the population of stocked rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). During each summer the lake stratified and low oxygen levels limited the distribution of trout to shallow (0–4 m) surface waters. In the first summer following weed removal the numbers of black shags (Phallacrocorax carbo) counted at the lake increased, and their predation resulted in a decline in trout density. However, the growth rate and condition of the trout population then exceeded that of trout present before weed removal. During the second summer after weed removal a cladoceran bloom was followed by low phytoplankton levels and high ammonia concentrations. A prolonged calm compounded this situation with the result that oxygen levels in bottom and surface waters dropped below 2 ppm. These low oxygen levels eliminated the trout population, but other fish species present survived. Elimination of aquatic plants affected the population dynamics of other fish species in the lake with potential implications for the trout. The experiment demonstrated the importance of weed beds in maintaining a stable fish community in lakes such as Lake Parkinson.     

无人机航测技术在农地杂草识别中的应用

杂草治理是农地质量保障的关键,杂草的精准识别与定位是杂草治理的重要保障,为提高杂草治理精度与效率,本文提出运用无人机航测技术辅助实现杂草治理工作。本文以广东DX农场为例,运用无人机航测技术进行农场航拍影像采集,运用实例证明无人机航测可以大幅提高数据采集效率和精度,并分别运用视觉判断法、神经网络模型法完成了杂草密度分析,输出杂草密度分布图,说明了无人机航测数据可以辅助实现杂草密度分析。通过对比分析,进一步论证了神经网络模型配合无人机航测技术,可以进一步提高杂草识别效率和精度。     

The long-term stability of engineered landforms of the Ranger Uranium Mine,Northern Territory,Australia: application of a catchment evolution model

There is a need to assess the long-term stability of engineered landforms associated with the rehabilitation of Ranger Uranium Mine, Northern Territory, Australia, as it is a requirement that mill tailings must be contained for periods in excess of 1000 years. The geomorphic model, SIBERIA, is calibrated on hydrologic and erosion data collected by a combination of monitoring and rainfall simulation experiments on the waste rock dumps of Ranger. Preliminary analysis of Ranger's preferred above-grade option suggests that erosion of the order of 7 to 8 m will occur on the structure in a period of 1000 years. This depth of erosion may be sufficient to compromise the integrity of containment. It is shown that SIBERIA has significant advantages over steady-state erosion models. Suggestions are made for the design that will enhance the stability of the structure and extend the structural life of the containment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Deep scattering layers resolved by narrow‐beam echo sounder along 35°s in the south pacific

The narrow‐beam echo sounder (3.5° half angle, 20 kHz) is capable of resolving the configuration of deep scattering layers to 750 m and was used to study the ecology and population density of organisms that make up the layers. Several layers to 1,000 m depth were identified in the South Pacific Ocean, and the population densities calculated. Swimming speeds of possible predators are estimated at 0.2–0.3 m.sec‐¹. Among organisms calculated to range in length from 0.01 m to 0.07 m, the larger were interpreted as grazing on smaller organisms, after comparing results from two echo sounders of 12 kHz and 20 kHz frequencies respectively.     

我国大、中草型浅水型湖泊渔业综合开发技术进展

长江中下游湖大多属浅水草型湖泊,长期以来渔业利用处于薄后状态,1986－1990年国家在江苏鬲湖,湖北保定湖和安徽花园湖等地组织了大,中型浅水草型的湖泊的综合开发技术,包括水大面鱼病害控制,围养区层鱼捕捞技术,水体农业模式在内的科技攻关,本文以这五年取得的成果为主,概述了我国大,中型浅水草型湖泊渔业综合开发技术方面的进展。     

海藻多糖分子量及其分布测定Ⅱ——GPC/LALLS联机测定四种海藻多糖分子量分布

采用凝胶渗透色谱与激光小角光散射仪联机(GPC/LALLS)测定了青岛海洋大学海洋药物与食品研究所新研制的四种海藻多糖的分子量分布。分别得到四种海藻多糖的微分、积分分子量分布曲线图、分布宽度指数(D)和数量平均、重量平均和Z均分子量。