384 WHO精神保健报告和日本的相关对策

介绍了WHO关于精神保健报告,特别提出了西太平洋地区的精神保健战略计划,并阐述了日本的相关对策.     

Origins of the Children''s Vaccine Initiative: The intellectual foundations

The Children's Vaccine Initiative (CVI) was created as an attempt to revolutionize the way vaccines are developed for the developing world. It was formed, in part, out of optimism that the scientific advances of the biotechnology revolution could be harnessed to create new and improved vaccines, and in part out of fear that the health needs of the developing world would be ignored by the increasingly profit-oriented vaccine industry that gave low priority to countries lacking a hard currency market. The CVI was founded in 1990/1991 but its intellectual roots came out of ten years of discussion and agitation about the opportunities and dangers that faced the international health community. The article looks at the indispensable role played by pivotal individuals (William Foege of the Task Force for Child Survival, Kenneth Warren and Scott Halstead of the Rockefeller Foundation, James Grant and James Sherry of UNICEF and D. A. Henderson of Johns Hopkins University) without whom the CVI would not have come into existence. While these individuals worked within the confines created by the large social/economic/political changes that shaped the 1980s, their personal goals, often targeted at fairly limited objectives, were crucial in determining the final, rather unlikely, outcome. The role of both individual choice and serendipity in determining major policy decisions are often under-estimated in the social science literature.     

Epidemiology and clinical manifestation of HIV infection in Northern Zaire

1275 patients were evaluated for HIV-1+2 seroprevalence and its association with clinical symptoms of HIV infection. Of 667 apparently healthy subjects, 8.2% had anti-HIV-1 antibodies. In 465 patients with clinical signs of AIDS, 39.4% were seropositive. 143 patients with miscellaneous symptoms had positive predictive values for HIV infection between 67% (vaginal ulcerations) and 20% (profound pyogenic abscesses). The WHO definition for AIDS had a specificity of 78.3%, a sensitivity of 72.2% and a predictive value of 61.6%.     

Lack of PTEN expression in endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia is correlated with cancer progression

We tested the hypothesis that PTEN inactivation may stratify cancer progression risk among putative endometrial hyperplasias, classified prognostically by means of the morphometric D score (DS). The DS, calculated from 3 morphometric variables measured in routine hematoxylin-eosin-stained endometrial biopsy slides, is the most sensitive and specific method of endometrial cancer risk prediction currently available. Clinical outcomes of 103 women with endometrial hyperplasia on biopsy were tallied according to the DS. Seven (7/103; 7%) patients with carcinoma during follow-up were all distributed within the high-risk prognostic group (ie, DS <1 = endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia [EIN]) (7/21; 33% progression). None of the 82 cases with a DS higher than 1 progressed. All cases that progressed were PTEN null, indicating that this genotype is capable of further stratifying cancer progression risk in hyperplasias irrespective of histological categorization. However, only 16% of the PTEN-null cases progressed. When PTEN expression pattern was combined with EIN, the prognostic power was greatly increased (specificity from 63% for PTEN and 85% for EIN to 93% when combined; positive predictive value from 16% and 33% to 50%). We conclude that loss of PTEN expression is the first biomarker in EIN that increases the accuracy of the prognostic DS to predict cancer progression risk. Unless endometrial hyperplasias are stratified by histological morphometric D-Score, PTEN has a low positive predictive value.     

WHO 网站与药物流行病学

目的：介绍世界卫生组织网站中的药物流行病学信息。方法：介绍世界卫生组织网站结构和药物流行病学信息所处栏目。结果：药物流行病学信息主要分布于健康主题和WHO子网站中。结论：世界卫生组织网站中有丰富的药物流行病学信息。     

骨髓增生异常综合征研究若干进展

近年来，骨髓增生异常综合征研究取得了较大的进展，在诊断上，WHO提出新的诊断标准；根据国际预后评分系统将MDS分为低危、中危与高危；随着细胞遗传学研究的深入，发现许多MDS相关的染色体异常；从发病机理上对一些临床现象进行了解释；一批新药的使用或进入临床试验阶段。     

国家卫生政策绩效评估及WHO药物政策绩效评估体系研究

目的:为构建我国基本药物制度绩效评估体系提供参考。方法:采用文献研究法,分析国家卫生政策绩效评估理论、方法,介绍WHO药物政策绩效评估体系及其应用。结果与结论:我国可参考WHO的评价指标体系框架,根据基本药物制度各阶段目标,在对我国基本药物制度实施情况进行充分调研的基础上,结合我国医药卫生背景和现状,构建基本药物绩效评估制度和指标体系。     

Temporal variability of blood lead,mercury, and cadmium levels in elderly panel study (2008–2014)

Background

Biological measurements have been employed as useful biomarkers for exposure. Because of its property of reflecting toxicokinetic differences, however, within-subject variability leads to biased results in epidemiologic studies.