Effects of malachite green on the mRNA expression of detoxification‐related genes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and other major Chinese freshwater fishes

The use of malachite green (MG) in fish farming is prohibited in China due to its potentially toxicological and carcinogenic nature, but it is still illegally used in some places. The aim of this study was to investigate the time and concentration‐dependent responses of xenobiotic metabolizing and detoxification‐related genes in diverse fishes exposed to MG both in vivo and in vitro. Experimental fish were administered to two exposure groups of malachite green (MG) (0.10 and 0.50 mg L^?1) for 8 h. The hepatocytes isolated from Nile tilapia were incubated with MG (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg L^?1) for 8 and 24 h, respectively. In vivo, exposure to 0.10 and 0.50 mg L^?1 MG for 8 h caused significant changes of the detoxification‐related genes on the mRNA expression levels. Low‐concentration (0.10 mg L^?1) level of MG induced significant increase on the mRNA expression level of GSTR gene in Nile tilapia and other fishes. The mRNA expression of grass carp UCP2 was significantly induced when exposed to 0.5 mg L^?1 MG. However, the mRNA expression levels of GSTA, CYP1A, and GPX were inhibited significantly by 0.5 mg L^?1 MG in Nile tilapia, grass carp, and Taiwan snakehead. In vitro, the significant increase of mRNA expression of these genes was detected after exposure to 0.5 mg L^?1 MG (UCP2), and 1.0 mg L^?1 MG (CYP1A1, GSTA, GSTR, and UCP2). The induction of hepatic CYP1A1, GSTA, GSTR, and UCP2 in response to MG suggested a potential role of fish CYP1A1, GSTA, GSTR, and UCP2 in MG metabolism. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.     

苏州产淡水珍珠生物活性评价及镇静活性物质基础研究

目的对苏州产淡水珍珠的镇静、养阴、抗氧化及酪氨酸酶抑制等生物活性进行评价,并针对其镇静活性的物质基础开展研究。方法采用小鼠在黑箱中自发活动计数的方法考察其镇静作用;利用Sephadex G-100对珍珠热提液进行分离,并评价不同相对分子质量段部位的镇静活性,探讨镇静活性的物质基础。建立甲状腺素小鼠阴虚模型考察养阴作用;通过使用改进的邻苯三酚自氧化法及测定SOD、MDA含量考察抗氧化作用。结果珍珠热提液中大、小相对分子质量段部位均有显著的镇静活性;热提液能够明显增强阴虚状态下小鼠的抗疲劳、耐缺氧的能力,有效抑制阴虚状态下各脏器功能的衰减;冷浸液能显著提高小鼠血清SOD含量、降低MDA含量。结论珍珠具有良好的镇静、养阴和抗氧化作用;珍珠的镇静活性源于多组分物质共同作用的结果。     

A Novel Freshwater Cyanophage,Mae-Yong924-1, Reveals a New Family

Cyanobacterial blooms are a worldwide ecological issue. Cyanophages are aquatic viruses specifically infecting cyanobacteria. Little is known about freshwater cyanophages. In this study, a freshwater cyanophage, Mae-Yong924-1, was isolated by the double-layer agar plate method using Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-924 as an indicator host. Mae-Yong924-1 has several unusual characteristics: a unique shape, cross-taxonomic order infectivity and a very unique genome sequence. Mae-Yong924-1 contains a nearly spherical head of about 100 nm in diameter. The tail or tail-like structure (approximately 40 nm in length) is like the tassel of a round Chinese lantern. It could lyse six diverse cyanobacteria strains across three orders including Chroococcales, Nostocales and Oscillatoriales. The genome of the cyanophage is 40,325 bp in length, with a G + C content of 48.32%, and 59 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), only 12 (20%) of which were functionally annotated. Both BLASTn and BLASTx scanning resulted in “No significant similarity found”, i.e., the Mae-Yong924-1 genome shared extremely low homology with sequences in NCBI databases. Mae-Yong924-1 formed a root node alone and monopolized a root branch in the proteomic tree based on genome-wide sequence similarities. The results suggest that Mae-Yong924-1 may reveal a new unknown family apparently distinct from other viruses.     

水生实验动物的研究与开发应用——小型淡水鱼类对毒物的敏感性试验

本文报导了几种小型淡水鱼类对毒物的敏感性试验;试验结果,小型淡水鱼类对金属毒物和有机磷农药的敏感性较强,作为毒性实验动物的选育对象的可行性值得研究;金鱼(Carassiusauratus)对镉的毒性有明显的形态特征,作为环境毒理学和肿瘤学等特定研究目的的水生实验动物的选育品种,定向纯化培育,建立水生实验动物的繁育体系是很值得考虑的.     

Toxicity thresholds for juvenile freshwater mussels Echyridella menziesii and crayfish Paranephrops planifrons,after acute or chronic exposure to Microcystis sp

Survival of juvenile freshwater mussels (Echyridella menziesii (Gray, 1843) formerly known as Hyridella menziesi) and crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons, White, 1842) decreased after four days exposure to microcystin‐containing cell‐free extracts (MCFE) of Microcystis sp. at concentrations typical of severe cyanobacterial blooms. Crayfish survival was 100, 80, and 50% in microcystin concentrations of 1339, 2426, and 11146 μg L^?1 respectively, and shade‐ and shelter‐seeking behavior was negatively affected when concentrations were ≥2426 μg L^?1. Mussel survival decreased to 92% and reburial rates decreased to 16% after exposure for 96 h to MCFE containing microcystins at concentrations of 5300 μg L^?1. Crayfish survival was 100% when fed freeze‐dried Microcystis sp. incorporated into an artificial diet (6–100 μg microcystin kg^?1 ww) at dietary doses from 0.03 to 0.55 μg g^?1 body weight d^?1 for 27 days. Specific growth rate was significantly lower in crayfish fed ≥0.15 μg g^?1 body weight day^?1 compared with controls, but not compared with a diet incorporating nontoxic cyanobacteria. Microcystins accumulated preferentially in crayfish hepatopancreas and mussel digesta as MCFE or dietary concentrations increased. These laboratory data indicate that, assuming dissolved oxygen concentrations remain adequate, and no simultaneous exposure to live Microcystis sp. cells, cell‐free microcystins will only be a significant stressor to juvenile crayfish and mussels in severe Microcystis sp. blooms. In contrast, crayfish were negatively affected by relatively low concentrations of microcystins in artificial diets compared with those measured locally in benthic cyanobacterial mats. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 487–502, 2014.     

Mechanism and prediction for contamination of freshwater bivalves (Unionidae) with the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin in hypereutrophic Lake Suwa,Japan

Seasonal changes of microcystin (MC) bioaccumulation in three freshwater Unionid bivalves, Anodonta woodiana, Cristaria plicata, and Unio douglasiae, were investigated in the hypereutrophic Lake Suwa. Total MC concentrations (MC-RR and -LR) as determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography were at high levels in the hepatopancreas of C. plicata and U. douglasiae, with maxima at 297 and 420 microg/g dry weight, respectively. The amounts and seasonal changes in the accumulated MC concentration differed in all species. The total MC concentration of A. woodiana was always less than that of other species (maximum concentration of 12.6 microg/g dry weight). The toxin concentration of C. plicata remained very low in summer, when the Microcystis bloom occurred, but increased rapidly in autumn, when the toxic bloom disappeared. For U. douglasiae, simple regression analyses were performed to clarify the relationship between MC bioaccumulation and environmental parameters such as water temperature, chlorophyll a, suspended solids (SS), intracellular MC per unit volume of lake water and per-unit weight of SS and extracellular MC. The toxin concentration of U. douglasiae correlated more closely with qualitative factors, with intracellular toxin per SS (p < 0.001, R(2) = 0.72) than with quantitative factors such as chlorophyll a and intracellular toxin per unit volume of lake water. No correlation could be found between MC in the tissues and extracellular MC. These results indicate that a long-term survey is needed to assess the safety of bivalves. The study should take into consideration both interspecific differences in toxin content and what is the optimal monitoring parameter.     

Effects of Aniline–An Aromatic Amine to Some Freshwater Organisms

We determined the acute and chronic toxicity of aniline to tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), cladoceran crusatcea (Moina micrura) and oligochaete worm (Branchiura sowerbyi) using static bioassay tests. The 96h LC₅₀ values of aniline for O. mossambicus, M. micrura and B. sowerbyi were 69.4, 0.6 and 586mg l^–1 respectively. Tilapia responded to even low concentrations of aniline: the fish lost appetite at aniline concentrations as low as 0.02mg l^–1. A 90 d outdoor bioassay with tilapia showed that 0.02mg l^–1 aniline reduced fish yield, specific growth rate and food conversion efficiency. Reproductive functions of fish were affected by aniline at a concentration of 0.5mg l^–1 and above. Dissolved oxygen, primary productivity and plankton population of the test medium also were significantly reduced at 2.65 and 6.94mg l^–1 aniline.     

青芥辣对离体肝吸虫囊蚴杀灭作用的研究

目的 研究青芥辣对离体肝吸虫囊蚴的杀灭作用.方法 采用人工消化法从淡水鱼中获取囊蚴,分组(囊蚴20个/组),将其置于定量青芥辣软膏中,分别作用不同时间,显微镜下观察囊蚴的活动情况.结果 青芥辣对肝吸虫囊蚴作用1～6 min后,囊蚴内后尾蚴活动加强;作用7～180 min后囊蚴活动力降低甚至开始死亡,死亡率范围为11.76%～100%;作用210 min以后囊蚴全部死亡,死亡率达到100%.对照组囊蚴形态和后尾蚴活动无改变.结论 青芥辣对肝吸虫囊蚴具有刺激和轻度杀灭作用,但在短时间内没有杀灭作用,所以期望用青芥辣杀灭肝吸虫囊蚴来达到预防肝吸虫感染的做法不可取.