低血糖伴意识障碍92例临床分析

目的总结低血糖伴意识障碍患者的临床特征。方法回顾性分析2003年11月至2009年8月收治的92例低血糖伴意识障碍患者的临床资料。病因：2型糖尿病和1型糖尿病降糖药物应用不当分别为78例、3例,酒精中毒3例,Sheehan铩合征并垂体危象3例,肿瘤2例,急性肠炎2例,功能性低血糖1例。预后：良好82例,差10例。结果应用口服降糖药物与胰岛素者预后比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,不同预后者意识障碍时间及初诊血糖比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论对低血糖伴意识障碍患者,应在尽快积极纠正低血糖的同时针对病因治疗,有助于改善预后。     

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY IN B6C3F1 MICE AND SD RATS INDUCED BY CHRONIC INTERMITTENT INSULIN HYPOGLYCEMIA

The effects of sustained insulin-induced hypoglycemia on peripheral nerves were examined in 9–10-week old female B6C3F1 mice and 9–10-week old female SD rats. Insulin was administered via osmotic minipumps at a dose of 81 IU/kg/day for 2 consecutive weeks. Mice and rats treated with this high insulin dose showed marked hypoglycemia, resulting in half the normal blood glucose level, hypothermia, impaired motor nerve conduction velocity, and an increased incidence of peripheral nerve lesions, consisting of nerve fiber degeneration characterized by irregular myelin sheaths and axonal atrophy.     

Adverse events associated with the use of complementary medicine and health supplements: An analysis of reports in the Singapore Pharmacovigilance database from 1998 to 2009

Context. The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), particularly herbal medicine and their derived products, have been increasing. However, sporadic reports of serious adverse effects associated with the use of these products have become a source of concern. Spontaneous adverse event reporting may be used to monitor the safety of these products. Objective. The objectives of this study is to analyze and describe the patterns of adverse events associated with the use of Chinese Proprietary Medicine, other complementary medicine and health supplements (termed CAM products) in the Singapore Pharmacovigilance database from 1998 to 2009 and to highlight areas of safety concerns. Methods. Adverse events associated with CAM products reviewed by the Vigilance Branch of the Health Sciences Authority for the period 1998–2009 were collated and analyzed. The following information was extracted and collated: patient demographics, type and indication of CAM products, system-organ class affected, seriousness of the adverse event, route of administration, hospitalization status, outcome of adverse event, concomitant use of conventional medicine, adulterant testing and profession of the reporter. Results. In the period 1998–2009, 627 cases of adverse events due to CAM products were reported. Most of these 627 cases (80.2%) were found to be serious and most of the patients used CAM products for sexual performance enhancement (291, 46.4%), to relieve pain such as joint and neck pain (36, 5.9%) and for slimming purposes (27, 4.3%). Of the 627 cases, endocrine disorders constituted 22.5% and central nervous system disorders constituted 20.6%. Liver was the main organ involved in the serious cases. Twenty-two fatalities were reported and hepatotoxicity was responsible for the deaths of 10 patients during the study period. Conclusions. In conclusion, 627 adverse event reports associated with CAM products had been successfully analyzed and described. They constituted ～3.8% of the total number of adverse events reported from 1998 to 2009. Outbreaks of severe hypoglycemia in 2008 and 2009 were associated with the use of adulterated and illegal sexual performance enhancement products. Further work to confirm the hepatotoxicity of implicated CAM products is warranted. Reporting of suspected adverse events is strongly encouraged even if the causality is not confirmed because any signs of clustering will allow rapid regulatory actions to be taken. The analysis of spontaneously reported adverse events is important in monitoring the safety of CAM products and helps in the understanding of the benefits and risks associated with the use of such products.     

胰源性低血糖的外科诊治

目的 探讨胰源性低血糖症的诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析华山医院１９７３．１￣１９９．２收的５０例胰源性低血糖症的术前定位检查和术后复发原因。结果 典型的Ｗｈｉｐｐｌｅ三联征,发作性的血糖降低与血清胰岛素、Ｃ－肽的反向和或高有助于功能性胰钫 瘤的定性诊断。术前辅助检查如Ｂ超、ＣＴ和ＤＳＡ诊断准确率分别为２７．８％、４６．４＾和６８．８％。术中血糖监测加以仔细仍联合Ｂ超检查对探查和切除功能性胰岛素瘤有重     

胰岛素类似物在孕妇中使用的有效性及安全性

妊娠合并糖尿病的患者,若血糖控制良好,可减少母婴并发症的发生.孕期母体的生理改变使其对胰岛素的需求不同于一般患者.与当前广泛使用的常规人胰岛素相比,胰岛素类似物更能模拟胰岛索释放的生理特点,可将孕期血糖控制得更为理想.目前,短效胰岛素类似物的有效性及安全性已得到多个研究的证实,而长效胰岛素类似物虽然能减少夜间低血糖的发生,但其在孕妇中的有效性及安全性尚需大量基础及临床研究的支持.     

Adult hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia not caused by an insulinoma: a report of two cases

Nesidioblastosis is rare in adults and accounts for 0.5–5% of cases of organic hyperinsulinemia. The diagnosis of nesidioblastosis should be considered when peroperative imaging modalities fail to localize a lesion in patients with hyperinsulinism. Two female patients, aged 55 and 16 years, with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia are reported. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy showed slight focal activity in both patients. The first patient underwent a Whipple procedure and became diabetic. The second patient underwent a distal hemi-pancreatectomy and suffered from recurrent hypoglycemic episodes 3 months after surgery, for which she is presently being treated with octreotide. Histological examination of the resected pancreata revealed focally increased islet tissue and a number of slightly hypertrophic beta cells. Such histological abnormalities have been related to functional changes of β-cells. In infantile nesidioblastosis, a proportion of cases has been associated with mutations in one of several genes. Whether such mutations, leading to hyperinsulinism, also play a role in adult nesidioblastosis is presently unknown. Received: 5 July 1999 / Accepted: 19 January 2000     

70岁以上糖尿病患者应用甘精胰岛素的疗效和安全性观察

目的比较甘精胰岛素和预混胰岛素两种方案的治疗效果和低血糖发生情况。以便寻找出更加适合老年糖尿病患者的方便有效的治疗方案。方法选取曾在我科住院患者50例,年龄大于70岁,男性26例,女性24例,甘精组（25例）根据患者的生活习惯按每天早上7点或晚上9点皮下注射一次甘精胰岛素,预混组（25例）根据血糖值进行调整胰岛素用量,早餐及晚餐前30分钟皮下注射诺和灵30R,根据两组患者餐后血糖的情况,加用阿卡波糖和/或二甲双胍,出院后随访3个月观察血糖控制和低血糖情况。结果两组患者应用胰岛素治疗后,低血糖发生次数,甘精组明显低于预混组（P〈0.05）差异具有统计学意义。甘精组的胰岛素用量明显少于预混组（P〈0.001）差异具有统计学意义。结论单用口服降糖药不能使血糖达标时,加用甘精胰岛素或预混胰岛素治疗,均能明显降低血糖,甘精胰岛素与预混胰岛素相比用量少且低血糖的发生率低,更适合老年患者。     

长期服用呋塞米致低血糖症1例报道

呋塞米为强效利尿剂.长期服用利尿药可引起糖代谢异常.本文报道1例长期服用呋塞米导致低血糖症患者,提示应用呋塞米可致低血糖.     

Feeding and neuroendocrine responses after recurrent insulin-induced hypoglycemia

Prior exposure to hypoglycemia impairs neuroendocrine counterregulatory responses (CRR) during subsequent hypoglycemia. Defective CRR to hypoglycemia is a component of the clinical syndrome hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF). Hypoglycemia also potently stimulates food intake, an important behavioral CRR. Because the increased feeding response to hypoglycemia is behavioral and not hormonal, we hypothesized that it may be regulated differently with recurrent bouts of hypoglycemia. To test this hypothesis, we simultaneously evaluated neuroendocrine CRR and food intake in rats experiencing one or three episodes of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. As expected, recurrent hypoglycemia significantly reduced neuroendocrine hypoglycemic CRR. Epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE) and glucagon responses 120 min after insulin injection were significantly reduced in recurrent hypoglycemic rats, relative to rats experiencing hypoglycemia for the first time. Despite these neuroendocrine impairments, food intake was significantly elevated above baseline saline intake whether rats were experiencing a first (hypoglycemia: 3.4+/-0.4 g vs. saline: 0.94+/-0.3 g, P<0.05) or third hypoglycemic episode (hypoglycemia: 3.8+/-0.3 g vs. saline: 1.2+/-0.3 g, P<0.05). These findings demonstrate that food intake elicited in response to hypoglycemia is not impaired as a result of recurrent hypoglycemia. Thus, neuroendocrine and behavioral (stimulation of food intake) CRR are differentially regulated by recurrent hypoglycemia experience.