The effects of FG7142 on two types of forgetting in 18-day-old rats.

The authors studied the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in 2 types of forgetting of fear in the developing rat. One type of forgetting studied was that observed after an intermediate retention interval (the "Kamin effect"); the other type studied was that observed after a longer interval (infantile amnesia). Rats were given pairings of an auditory conditioned stimulus with shock, and learned fear was assessed by freezing. Forgetting at an intermediate retention interval (1 hr) was not alleviated by the GABAA receptor partial inverse agonist FG7142 (0, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg), whereas forgetting at a longer retention interval (48 hr) was alleviated. These results suggest that in the developing rat, forgetting observed at different retention intervals is mediated by different physiological mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Consolidation of Long-Term Memory: Evidence and Alternatives.

Memory loss in retrograde amnesia has long been held to be larger for recent periods than for remote periods, a pattern usually referred to as the Ribot gradient. One explanation for this gradient is consolidation of long-term memories. Several computational models of such a process have shown how consolidation can explain characteristics of amnesia, but they have not elucidated how consolidation must be envisaged. Here findings are reviewed that shed light on how consolidation may be implemented in the brain. Moreover, consolidation is contrasted with alternative theories of the Ribot gradient. Consolidation theory, multiple trace theory, and semantization can all handle some findings well but not others. Conclusive evidence for or against consolidation thus remains to be found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

表皮系数分解方法及应用

由于井壁附近地层的渗透率受到损害,形成与原地层特性不同的"表皮"区,用表皮系数S表示,S值大小一般由试井分析得到.但求得的S是一总量,它是多个因素作用的综合反映.利用公式对总表皮系数进行了分解,并利用分解出的表皮系数对钻井泥浆密度进行了分析,可以得到真实的表皮系数,在雅克拉气田实际运用中证明该方法具有一定的实际意义,可为以后的钻井及措施改造提供参数,以便进一步提高油井产量.     

北美典型致密油地质特征对比及分类

为全面认识致密油,汲取国外成功的开发经验,从而推动我国致密油发展,通过详细对比北美地区巴肯组、鹰滩组和卡尔蒂姆组的地质特征,从方便储量计算的角度,提出了更为完善的致密油定义,并系统划分了致密油的类型。结果表明：致密油主要是指以吸附或游离状态赋存于未纳入常规油田产区的低渗储层（卡尔蒂姆组）或地层深部致密沉积岩（巴肯组、鹰滩组）中,且必须通过水平井或多级压裂等开发技术才能实现经济采出的轻质非常规石油聚集,可以划分为 2 个大类、5 个亚类,其中,巴肯组致密油资源量最大,具有“大而肥”的特点,主要赋存在渗透率为 0.01～1.00 mD 的致密砂岩中,卡尔蒂姆组致密油资源量次之,主要赋存在渗透率为 0.1～10.0 mD 的砂质泥岩中,而鹰滩组致密油资源量最低,主要赋存在渗透率为 0.000 001～0.000 100 mD 的致密灰岩中。     

Synthesis,Chiral Separation,Absolute Configuration Assignment,and Biological Activity of Enantiomers of Retro‐1 as Potent Inhibitors of Shiga Toxin

The Shiga toxin (Stx) family is composed of related protein toxins produced by the bacteria Shigella dysenteriae and certain pathogenic strains of E. coli. No effective therapies for Stx intoxication have been developed yet. However, inhibitors that act on the intracellular trafficking of these toxins may provide new options for the development of therapeutic strategies. This study reports the synthesis, chromatographic separation, and pharmacological evaluation of the two enantiomers of Retro‐1, a compound active against Stx and other such protein toxins. Retro‐1 works by inhibiting retrograde transport of these toxins inside cells. In vitro experiments proved that the configuration of the stereocenter at position 5 is not crucial for the activity of this compound. X‐ray diffraction data revealed (S)‐Retro‐1 to be slightly more active than (R)‐Retro‐1.     

Growth points in research on memory and hippocampus.

We present an overview of two of our ongoing projects relating processes in the hippocampus to memory. We are trying to understand why retrograde amnesia occurs after damage to the hippocampus. Our experiments establish the generality of several new retrograde amnesia phenomena that are at odds with the consensus view of the role of the hippocampus in memory. We show in many memory tasks that complete damage to the hippocampus produces retrograde amnesia that is equivalent for recent and remote memories. Retrograde amnesia affects a much wider range of memory tasks than anterograde amnesia. Normal hippocampal processes can interfere with retention of a long-term memory stored outside the hippocampus. We conclude that the hippocampus competes with nonhippocampal systems during memory encoding and retrieval. Finally, we outline a project to understand and manipulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis in order to repair damaged hippocampal circuitry to recover lost cognitive functions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

单井注干气吞吐技术在柯克亚凝析气田的应用

应用数值模拟技术,研究地层中反凝析液饱和度的变化规律和注干气吞吐技术的开发效果.研究表明,反凝析液主要聚集在井筒附近地层中,饱和度最高可达17%;通过注干气吞吐技术,可以把井筒附近地层中的反凝析液部分"反蒸发"或挤往远处地层,改善近井地带地层渗流能力而增产.柯克亚凝析气田已经作了8井次的注干气吞吐试验,其中7井次见到明显效果.矿场试验结果表明,应用注干气吞吐技术可有效解决近井地带的反凝析污染、提高或恢复单井产能.对改善凝析气藏的开发效果具有重要意义.     

Defining the boundary: Age-related changes in childhood amnesia.

Childhood amnesia refers to the inability of adults to recall events that occurred during their infancy and early childhood. Although it is generally assumed that children and adolescents also experience childhood amnesia, with limited exceptions, most empirical research on the phenomenon has focused exclusively on adults. Here, we developed a new Timeline procedure to directly compare the early memories reported by children, adolescents, and adults. Overall, the proportion of memories reported before the age of 3 years was greater for the children and adolescents relative to the adults. In addition, the single earliest memory reported by children and adolescents was at a younger age than that reported by adults. In fact, the earliest memories reported by the children and adolescents, but not the adults, were significantly younger than the traditional 3 ?-year-old boundary of childhood amnesia. Regardless of the age of the rememberer, participants' early memories had the same episodic characteristics. We conclude that the boundary and the density of childhood amnesia may increase over the course of human development and that age-related changes in basic memory mechanisms make an important contribution to our understanding of the source of childhood amnesia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Memory loss resulting from fornix and septal damage: Impaired supra-span recall but preserved recognition over a 24-hour delay.

Despite increasing evidence that the fornix is important for memory, uncertainty remains about the exact nature of subsequent impairments arising from damage to this tract. This uncertainty is often created by pathology in additional brain structures. The present study involved a young man, DN, who had almost complete bilateral loss of the rostral columns of the fornix and much of the surrounding septum in the left hemisphere following the surgical removal of a cavernous angioma. Quantitative MRI analyses of structure size, normalized to intracranial volume, showed no difference in any of the additional brain regions measured, apart from those areas removed to expose the tumor. DN showed a marked, stable anterograde memory impairment that was still present 4 years postsurgery. In contrast, DN performed within normal levels on most tests of recognition memory. This sparing was most striking when given a 24-hr delay between study and test of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test. This recall/recognition dissociation provides further evidence for neuroanatomical divisions within recognition memory processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)