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《IIE Transactions》2007,39(9):879-898
We study an inventory system that consists of two demand classes. The orders in the first class need to be satisfied immediately, whereas the orders in the second class are to be filled in a given demand lead time. The two classes are also of different criticality. For this system, we propose a policy that rations the non-critical orders. Under a one-for-one replenishment policy with backordering and for Poisson demand arrivals for both classes, we first derive expressions for the service levels of both classes. The service level for the critical class is an approximation, whereas the service level for the non-critical class is exact. We then conduct a computational study to show that our approximation works reasonably, the benefits of rationing can be substantial, and the incorporation of demand lead time provides more value when the demand class with demand lead time is the critical class. The research is motivated by the spare parts service system of a major capital equipment manufacturer that faces two types of demand. For this company, the critical down orders need to be satisfied immediately, while the less critical maintenance orders can be satisfied after a fixed demand lead time. We conduct a case study with 64 representative parts and show that significant savings (as much as 14% on inventory on hand) are possible through incorporation of demand lead times and rationing. 相似文献
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M Isabel Sánchez de Rojas Julián Rivera Moisés Frías Félix Marín 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2008,83(3):209-217
Copper slag is a by‐product generated during smelting to extract copper metal from the ore. The copper slag obtained may exhibit pozzolanic activity and may therefore be used in the manufacture of addition‐containing cements. In this paper the effect of the incorporation of the copper slag in cement is measured. Blends of copper slag with Portland cement generally possess properties equivalent to Portland cement containing fly ash, but very different to the silica fume incorporation. Copper slag and fly ash reduce the heat of hydration more effectively than silica fume in mortars. The replacement of 30% cement by copper slag reduces the flexural and compressive strength in a similar way to fly ash; however, after 28 days, the reduction is less than the percentage of substitution. Hydrated calcium aluminate phases were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The pozzolanic activity of copper slag is similar to that of fly ash and higher than silica fume. In the presence of low water/cement ratios, certain pozzolanic materials produce a very compact cement paste that limits the space available for hydration products, a determining factor in the formation of hydrated calcium aluminates. SEM was found to be a useful analytical technique when aluminates are formed and can be clearly detected by XRD. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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介绍了用自然澄清法降低、回收旋涡炉渣中的铜的方法。该方法工艺简单。操作方便,不仅降低冶炼成本,同时提高了经济效益。 相似文献
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应用音平化渣图象分析和指导转炉造渣操作 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
利用音平化渣图象可以清晰地看出在转炉造渣过程中何时发生喷溅,何时发生炉渣返干和何时化渣正常。应用音平化渣图象和炉渣三元相图,可以正确地分析发生喷溅和返干的原因,从而找到避免突发性喷溅和严重返干的方法。正确的枪位和炉渣碱度控制是实现平稳吹炼的保证,而音平化渣图象能帮助操作工实现这一目标。 相似文献
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Li Yonghua Wang Chunbo Chen Hongwei 《Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China》2007,1(1):96-100
Power plants in China have to burn blended coal instead of one specific coal for a variety of reasons. So it is of great necessity
to investigate the combustion of blended coals. Using a test rig with a capacity of 640 MJ/h with an absolute milling system
and flue gas online analysis system, characteristics such as burnout, slag, and pollution of some blended coals were investigated.
The ratio of coke and slag as a method of distinguishing coal slagging characteristic was introduced. The results show that
the blending of coal has some effect on NO
x
but there is no obvious rule. SO
x
emission can be reduced by blending low sulfur coal.
Translated from Proceedings of the CSEE, 2005, 25(18): 97–103 [译自: 中国电机工程学报] 相似文献
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The paper considers a generalized discrete‐time order‐replacement model for a single unit system, which is subject to random failure when in operation. Two types of discrete randomized lead times are considered for a spare unit; one is for regular (preventive) order and another is for expedited (emergency) order. The model is formulated based on the discounted cost criterion. The underlying two‐dimensional optimization problem is reduced to a simple one‐dimensional one and then the optimal ordering policy for the spare unit is characterized under two extreme conditions: (i) unlimited inventory time and (ii) zero inventory time for the spare unit. A numerical example is used to determine the optimal spare‐ordering policy numerically and to examine the sensitivity of the model parameters. 相似文献
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