Laser range scanner based on self-calibration techniques using coplanarities and metric constraints

In this paper, we propose a novel method to achieve both dense 3D reconstruction of the scene and estimation of the camera intrinsic parameters by using coplanarities and other constraints (e.g., orthogonalities or parallelisms) derived from relations between planes in the scene and reflected curves of line lasers captured by a single camera. In our study, we categorize coplanarities in the scene into two types: implicit coplanarities, which can be observed as reflected curves of line lasers, and explicit coplanarities, which are, for example, observed as walls of a building. By using both types of coplanarities, we can construct simultaneous equations and can solve them up to four degrees of freedom. To upgrade the solution to the Euclidean space and estimate the camera intrinsic parameters, we can use metric constraints such as orthogonalities of the planes. Such metric constraints are given by, for example, observing the corners of rectangular boxes in the scene, or using special laser projecting device composed of two line lasers whose laser planes are configured to be perpendicular.     

Imaging and analysis of 3-D structure using a dual beam FIB

The application of focused ion beam instrumentation in the generation of three-dimensional microstructural data is described. The methodologies used to acquire and manipulate this data are explained, and the technique is illustrated by a number of examples from the material sciences. The limitations of this method, and practical pointers to the generation of meaningful data, are also discussed.     

表征PAN纤维和炭纤维微细结构的HRTEM样品制备方法

为用高分辨透射电子显微术(HRTEM)表征聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维和炭纤维的微细结构，从纤维性能出发，探讨研碎、离子束减薄和超薄生物切片三种制备方法及其工艺步骤，结合实验结果，对比了三种制备方法的原理、优缺点，提出了制备方法的适用范围和选择原则，并推断适于表征预氧化纤维微细结构的样品制备方法。与生物样品的制备方法类似，把超薄生物切片法引入到纤维材料HRTEM样品制备领域，为系统研究炭纤维微细结构的演变提供了线索。     

Applications of confocal microscopy in industrial solid materials: some examples and a first evaluation

We report here the first results of the application of confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) for the study of the microstructure of solid industrial materials. Glass-fibre-reinforced composites, heterogeneous and conductive polymers, homogeneous as well as heterogeneous catalyst (precursor) specimens and soils were examined. We conclude that both the fluorescence and reflection modes of CSLM can yield valuable information. In particular, the optical sectioning capability of CSLM appears to be of great value as it enables one to access the 3-D organization of the specimen without the need for a difficult and time-consuming specimen preparation procedure. However, local obscuration may be an important factor in confocal image formation, limiting the penetration capabilities of the technique for industrial materials.     

Separation of Transparent Layers using Focus

Consider situations where the depth at each point in the scene is multi-valued, due to the presence of a virtual image semi-reflected by a transparent surface. The semi-reflected image is linearly superimposed on the image of an object that is behind the transparent surface. A novel approach is proposed for the separation of the superimposed layers. Focusing on either of the layers yields initial separation, but crosstalk remains. The separation is enhanced by mutual blurring of the perturbing components in the images. However, this blurring requires the estimation of the defocus blur kernels. We thus propose a method for self calibration of the blur kernels, given the raw images. The kernels are sought to minimize the mutual information of the recovered layers. Autofocusing and depth estimation in the presence of semi-reflections are also considered. Experimental results are presented.     

Design and Development of a Bimodal Optical Instrument for Simultaneous Vibrational Spectroscopy Measurements

Vibrational spectroscopy techniques are widely used in analytical chemistry, physics and biology. The most prominent techniques are Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Combining both techniques delivers complementary information of the test sample. We present the design, construction, and calibration of a novel bimodal spectroscopy system featuring both Raman and infrared measurements simultaneously on the same sample without mutual interference. The optomechanical design provides a modular flexible system for solid and liquid samples and different configurations for Raman. As a novel feature, the Raman module can be operated off-axis for optical sectioning. The calibrated system demonstrates high sensitivity, precision, and resolution for simultaneous operation of both techniques and shows excellent calibration curves with coefficients of determination greater than 0.96. We demonstrate the ability to simultaneously measure Raman and infrared spectra of complex biological material using bovine serum albumin. The performance competes with commercial systems; moreover, it presents the additional advantage of simultaneously operating Raman and infrared techniques. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first demonstration of a combined Raman-infrared system that can analyze the same sample volume and obtain optically sectioned Raman signals. Additionally, quantitative comparison of confocality of backscattering micro-Raman and off-axis Raman was performed for the first time.     

基于光学分层层析成像原理的火焰测温法

燃烧火焰温度场的测量无论对研究火焰的结构及生成机理、燃料的混合和燃烧方式,还是对燃烧设备的稳定运行和控制都具有重要的意义。介绍了一种利用高速分层摄像控制系统重建火焰温度场的方法。连续的三维发光体可以看成若干个互相平行的二维发光断层的组合,对发光体某断层进行聚焦摄像,得到的图像是该断层的像和其他断层的离焦像的叠加像。对不同断层分别快速聚焦摄像,得到一组辐射图像,采用图像反演算法,可以重建各断层的原始图像。根据图像灰度和火焰温度之间的关系,可建立火焰的三维温度场。通过蜡烛火焰实验,验证了该方法的可行性。实验结果在一定程度上揭示了火焰内部的辐射分布、温度分布和燃烧结构,反映了火焰的三维燃烧特性。该方法可作为一种新的测量和诊断方法,应用于燃烧火焰三维场参数和其他两相流三维场参数的测量中。     

不锈钢焊接工字形截面残余应力分布试验研究

通过焊接加工10个不锈钢工字形截面试件（选材包括奥氏体型S30408和双相型S22253两种），采用分割法将试件截面切分成条带，量测释放的残余应变，计算得出截面的残余应力大小与分布形态。结果表明：试件截面的残余拉应力峰值低于材料的名义屈服强度，对于奥氏体型S30408和双相型S22253两种不锈钢试件的截面残余拉应力峰值分别约为其名义屈服强度的80%和60%。基于试验结果对现有简化分布模型的评估表明其应用的局限性，提出可以较准确描述不锈钢焊接工字形截面残余应力分布的建议简化模型，结合现有的其他试验数据，对建议简化分布模型的适用范围进行了验证和推广，可以为不锈钢结构构件的稳定性研究和设计提供参考。     

浅谈供热管网分段阀的设置

利用现行的计算公式,考虑供热管网的修复性等因素,对太原市供热管网的分段阀设计进行了优化分析,力求降低系统的初投资。