研究生主观幸福感与人格特征相关研究

目的探讨研究生的主观幸福感与人格的关系。方法采用艾森克人格问卷量表与总体主观幸福感量表（GWB）对200名研究生进行测验。结果（1）在专业、性别、年级、年龄、婚姻状况上及来源上，研究生的主观幸福感不存在显著差异。（2）相关分析表明外向性人格纬度与总体幸福感存在显著的正相关，神经质与总体幸福感存在显著的负相关。稳定外向型和稳定内向型人格的总体幸福感水平最高，其次是不稳定外向型人格，总体幸福感水平最低的是不稳定内向型人格。结论外向性与神经质等人格特征是影响研究生幸福感的重要因素。     

Ill-health as a household norm: Evidence from other people's health problems

This paper proposes that an individual's self-assessed health (SAH) does not only suffer from systematic reporting bias and adaptation bias but is also biased owing to confounding health norm effects. Using 13 waves of the British Household Panel Survey covering the period 1991–2005, I show that, while there is a negative and statistically significant correlation between SAH and individuals' own health problem index, this negative effect reduces with the average number of health problems per (other) family member. The relative health bias is small, however, which implies that measures of SAH may not suffer seriously from systematic health norm bias. This is an important finding for researchers working with SAH data as it indicates that we do not have to worry too much about controlling for confounding influences from the health of other household members when estimating SAH regression equations.     

The discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of d-amphetamine,phenmetrazine and fenfluramine in humans

The discriminative stimulus (DS) and subjective effects of d-amphetamine (AMP), phenmetrazine (PMT) and fenfluramine (FFL) were studied in a group of normal healthy adults. Subjects (N=27) were trained to discriminate between placebo and 10 mg AMP (PO). Fourteen of the subjects (discriminators) reliably learned the discrimination, whereas the other 13 did not. Nearly all discriminators labelled AMP as a stimulant, and AMP, relative to placebo, increased ratings of drug liking and general activity level, and produced typical stimulant-like subjective effects, as measured by the Profile of Mood States, the Addiction Research Center Inventory, and a series of visual analog scales. The discrimination accuracy of discriminators increased as a function of hour after drug ingestion, as did analog ratings of how certain subjects were that their discrimination responses were correct. Discriminators were tested with doses of PMT (25 and 50 mg) and FFL (20 and 40 mg) to determine whether the DS properties of these drugs would substitute for those of AMP. Both doses of PMT consistently substituted for AMP, and PMT produced subjective effects very similar to those of AMP. Conversely, neither dose of FFL consistently substituted for AMP, and FFL produced essentially no subjective effects. These findings are consistent with results from discrimination studies with other species, and provide further evidence of the validity of this procedure for studying the DS properties of drugs in humans. Offprint requests to: L.D. Chait     

Nicotine discrimination and self-administration in humans as a function of smoking status

Nicotine’s discriminative stimulus effects may be critical to understanding reinforcement of tobacco smoking. It is not known whether regular nicotine exposure produces tolerance or sensitivity to these effects. In this study, male and female smokers (n = 11) and never-smokers (n = 10) were trained to discriminate 20 μg/kg nicotine by nasal spray from placebo (0) on day 1. On day 2, both groups were tested on generalization of this discrimination across intermittent presentations of 0, 3, 6, 12, and 20 μg/kg nicotine in random order. Quantitative and quantal behavioral discrimination tasks, used in previous research, were employed. On day 3, subjects were instructed to self-administer sprays from the 20 μg/kg nicotine versus 0 bottles in a concurrent-choice procedure. All but one subject (female smoker) learned reliably to discriminate 20 μg/kg nicotine from placebo (≥ 80% correct) on day 1. Nicotine-appropriate responding on day 2 was attenuated in smokers versus never-smokers at 20 μg/kg on the quantitative task and at 12 μg/kg on the quantal task, suggesting tolerance. There was no difference in responding at other doses. Smokers also showed attenuated responses on the subjective measure of “head rush”, which was associated with discrimination responding in both groups. Nicotine self-administration was significantly greater in smokers versus never-smokers, who self-administered nicotine below chance levels, and was inversely related to discrimination behavior in never-smokers but unrelated in smokers. Women smokers showed less change in nicotine-appropriate responding across generalization doses, reported less confidence in discriminating training doses during acquisition on day 1, and tended to self-administer less nicotine on day 3. These results indicate that smokers may become tolerant to the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine, perhaps promoting increased use. Received: 1 October 1996/Final version: 28 January 1997     

Tradition and culture in Heidegger's Being and Time

In nursing literature, Heideggerian hermeneutics, as expounded in Being and Time , is taken well near unanimously to be an invitation to explore tradition and culture. Understanding, we are told in the name of Heidegger, is to be found in the realm of common meanings and shared practices. This interpretation of what Heidegger is about in Being and Time is neither unchallengeable nor unchallenged. While a number of scholars can be found to agree with it, there are many others who see it as an utter misreading of Heidegger. In their judgement, it is an interpretation diametrically opposed to what Heidegger sets forth in his treatise. For researchers interested in invoking Heidegger or following a Heideggerian approach, this is a frustrating impasse. The only valid starting point for resolving it, this article suggests, is a close reading of what Heidegger actually says in the pages of Being and Time .     

Sex differences in plasma cocaine levels and subjective effects after acute cocaine administration in human volunteers

Gender differences after acute cocaine administration have received little attention in spite of the fact that males and females respond differently to many drugs. Seven male and seven female occasional cocaine users received both an intranasal dose of cocaine hydrochloride (0.9 mg/kg) and placebo powder in a randomized order and reported subjective effects via an instrumental joystick device and various questionnaires. Blood samples were withdrawn at 5-min intervals to assess pharmacokinetic differences. Male subjects achieved the highest peak plasma cocaine levels (144.4 ± 17.5 ng/ml), detected cocaine effects significantly faster than females and also experienced a greater number of episodes of intense good and bad effects. Women studied during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle had peak plasma cocaine levels of 73.2 ± 9.9 ng/ml, which was significantly higher than when they were studied during their luteal phase (54.7 ± 8.7 ng/ml), but there were no differences in their subjective reports of cocaine effects. In spite of the different cocaine blood levels and subjective effects, peak heart rate increases did not differ between males and females suggesting that women may be more sensitive than males to the cardiovascular effects of cocaine. These data suggest that there are significant gender and menstrual cycle differences in the response to acute intranasal cocaine administration and these differences may have implications for the differential abuse of this drug.This paper is dedicated to Xavier Lamas, MD, PhD, who lost his life while ascending Mt. Everest, August 1995     

Work at sea: a study of sleep,and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions,in watchkeepers on merchant vessels

Summary Daily diary records of sleep and activity, and 4-h measurements of body temperature, performance and subjective alertness were collected on board ship from 15 watchkeepers on the 4-on/8-off system, and from 28 dayworkers, on both westward and eastward transatlantic voyages. The data from a balanced sample of the subjects were analysed over selected 8-d periods of the voyages where four or five time zones were crossed. During these periods the average amount of daily sleep obtained by dayworkers on the eastward voyage was more than 1 h less than that on the westward voyage, and its quality was rated lower. Watchkeepers' main sleep was also shorter when travelling eastward, but this reduction was partially compensated for by a slightly longer secondary sleep. With the exception of subjective alertness on the eastward voyage, the basic phase of the circadian rhythms in the measured variables adjusted appropriately to the clock changes associated with the time zone crossings. The normal shape of the average daily curves was, however, altered differentially in the two directions of travel; as a result, morning levels of all variables were lower on the eastward voyage than on the westward, but evening levels were higher. These distortions of rhythm waveforms, which probably arose from a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors, add another dimension to the basic problem caused by the effects of circadian rhythms on operational efficiency in the shipboard situation. This problem can only be solved by the development of alternative watchkeeping systems which take full account of these rhythms.Partly supported by a grant from the West German Ministry for Technology and Research, Project Schiff der Zukunft, Part ET 83b     

老年人主观认知下降与慢性病共病的相关性分析

背景 主观认知下降（SCD）是阿尔茨海默病（AD）早期预防的目标阶段,AD与慢性病共病关系密切,但二者间相关性尚不十分明确。目的 探究老年人SCD与慢性病共病的相关性,为AD早期预防和干预提供理论依据。方法 于2021年1月至2022年6月,在广州市城市生活小区和养老机构以便利抽样法抽取≥60岁的老年人612例。采用基础版蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA-B）、临床痴呆量表（CDR）、Hachinski缺血指数量表（HIS）评定客观认知功能水平,通过SCD标准诊断框架和SCD问卷（SCD-Q9）进行分组,将整体客观认知水平无异常、符合SCD标准诊断框架和SCD-Q9≥5分的老年人分入SCD组,将整体客观认知功能无异常和SCD-Q9<5分的老年人为认知无异常（CN）组。采用一般资料问卷收集老年人的社会人口学（性别、年龄、居住地、受教育年限、婚姻状况、退休前职业类型、月收入）和健康相关资料[体质指数、腰围、吸烟习惯、饮酒习惯、饮茶习惯、锻炼频率、午觉习惯及平均时长、睡眠质量、抑郁及焦虑症状、日常生活活动能力（ADL）],其中睡眠质量、抑郁症状、焦虑症状及ADL分别采用匹兹堡睡眠指数量表...     

自我概念和个体自尊、集体自尊对大学生主观幸福感的影响

目的:探讨大学生自我概念、个体自尊、集体自尊和主观幸福感的关系。方法:采用幸福感指数量表、自我概念量表、个体自尊量表、集体自尊量表对233名大学生进行测查。结果:①大学生的来源影响着主观幸福感,来自于城市的大学生比来自于农村的大学生体验到较高的生活满意度(P<0.01)。②自我概念、个体自尊、集体自尊和主观幸福感相关显著(P<0.01)。③自我概念、个体自尊、集体自尊对主观幸福感预测作用显著(P<0.001)。结论:自我概念、个体自尊、集体自尊是大学生主观幸福感的重要预测因素。     

低收入大学生一般自我效能感、主观幸福感研究

近年来 ,低收入大学生作为高校中的一个特殊群体逐渐受到研究者和教育者的关注。目前对低收入大学生的一般自我效能感 (generalself -efficacy)和主观幸福感的研究还不多见。一般自我效能感是指个体对各种挑战或新情境的应对能力的总体信心[1] 。一般自我效能感描述的是个体有效地应对各种紧张情境的广义而稳定的个人能力感 ,它与身心健康存在一定的关系[1- 2 ] 。主观幸福感 (subjectivewell-being)是指人们对于自己是否幸福的主观感受 ,是反应心理健康水平的重要指标之一。研究低收入大学生的一般自我效能感和幸福感的特点及其关系对于揭…