Phase behavior of ternary blends containing dimethylpolycarbonate,tetramethylpolycarbonate and poly[styrene‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)] copolymers (or polystyrene)

The miscibility and phase behavior of ternary blends containing dimethylpolycarbonate (DMPC), tetramethylpolycarbonate (TMPC) and poly[styrene‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)] copolymer (SMMA) have been explored. Ternary blends containing polystyrene (PS) instead of SMMA were also examined. Blends of DMPC with SMMA copolymers (or PS) did not form miscible blends regardless of methyl methacrylate (MMA) content in copolymers. However, DMPC blends with SMMA (or PS) blends become miscible by adding TMPC. The miscible region of ternary blends is compared with the previously determined miscibility region of binary blends having the same chemical components and compositions. The region where the ternary blends are miscible is much narrower than that of binary blends. Based on lattice fluid theory, the observed phase behavior of ternary blends was analyzed. Even though the term representing the Gibbs free energy change of mixing for certain ternary blends had a negative value, blends were immiscible. It was revealed that a negative value of the Gibbs free energy change of mixing was not a sufficient condition for miscible ternary blends because of the asymmetry in the binary interactions involved in ternary blends. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Decreasing miscibility with greater heterogeneity in ternary polymer blend: poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(α‐methyl styrene) and poly(4‐methyl styrene)

A ternary blend system comprising poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PCHMA), poly(α‐methyl styrene) (PαMS) and poly(4‐methyl styrene) (P4MS) was investigated by thermal analysis, optical and scanning electron microscopy. Ternary phase behaviour was compared with the behaviour for the three constituent binary pairs. This study showed that the ternary blends of PCHMA/PαMS/P4MS in most compositions were miscible, with an apparent glass transition temperature (T_g) and distinct cloud‐point transitions, which were located at lower temperatures than their binary counterparts. However, in a closed‐loop range of compositions roughly near the centre of the triangular phase diagram, some ternary blends displayed phase separation with heterogeneity domains of about 1 µm. Therefore, it is properly concluded that ternary PCHMA/PαMS/P4M is partially miscible with a small closed‐loop immisciblity range, even though all the constituent binary pairs are fully miscible. Thermodynamic backgrounds leading to decreased miscibility and greater heterogeneity in a ternary polymer system in comparison with the binary counterparts are discussed. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Application d'une méthodologie expérimentale à l'étude du diagramme ternaire d'un gel

Nous avons montré sur l'exemple d'un gel, mélange de trois constituants (C12–C15 Alcohols Benzoate, Cyclomethicone et Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer) qu'il est possible d'optimiser une formulation en un nombre preécis d'essais en faisant appel à une stratégic expérimentale optimale. Le gel avait déjàétéétudié par Chang,¹ mais par approches successives.
Nous avons utlisé les matrices d'expériences développées dans le cas des mélanges par Scheffe sous le nom de 'reseaux-simplex'. Prévoyant des intéractions de 2éme ordre entre les constituants nous avons retenu le modéle appelé'cubique réduit'. Cette approche permet l'exploration systémique de tout le domaine.
Les réponses étudiées sont la compatibilité (gel homogène ou non), la consistance, la blancheur et le coût. Le meilleur gel étant celui qui se rapproche le plus de la vaseline.
A partir des résultats, nous avons tracé des courbes d'isoréponse en blancheur, consistance et coût. La superposition des diagrammes conduit à la détermination d'une zone où les réponses sont optimales.
En ajoutant la réponse supplémentaire: 'facilité d'étalement sur la peau'on arrive au meilleur gel avec un nombre réduit d'essais.
La même méthode s'appliquerait à des mélanges de plus de trois constituants.
Study of a ternary diagram gel according to a methodology of experimental research     

燃烧合成三元碳化合物Ti2AlC1-x

采用Ti，Al和C元素粉末为反应物原料，通过燃烧合成法首次成功地制备出了单相三元碳化合物Ti2AlC1-x。实验结果表明：若以“理想”晶体结构化学式Ti2AlC化学计量比为起始反应原料配比，燃烧产物主晶相为Ti2AlC2；以缺碳的非化学计量比(Ti2AlC1-x)为反应原料配比，即Ti：Al：C=3：1．5：1=2：1：0．7(摩尔比)，得到单相的燃烧产物Ti2AlC1-x。从热力学原理的角度探讨了不同原料摩尔配比对燃烧产物相组成的影响机理。     

Bi-Pb-Tl三元系相图

用室温、高温X射线衍射及淬火的方法,测定了Bi-Pb-Tl三元系25℃的等温截面及该体系中的相结构。     

乙醇-苯-氯化钙体系汽液平衡

测定了兰州大气压下溶有不同浓度氯化钙的乙醇-苯体系的汽液平衡数据,以Furter拟二元体系模型处理溶盐三元体系,用Van Laar方程对数据进行了关联,得到较好的结果。     

Isomerization of n-hexane over mono- and bimetallic Pd–Pt catalysts supported on ZrO2–Al2O3–WOx prepared by sol–gel

The catalytic performance of mono- and bimetallic Pd (0.6, 1.0 wt.%)–Pt (0.3 wt.%) catalysts supported on ZrO₂ (70, 85 wt.%)–Al₂O₃ (15, 0 wt.%)–WO_x (15 wt.%) prepared by sol–gel was studied in the hydroisomerization of n-hexane. The catalysts were characterized by N₂ physisorption, XRD, TPR, XPS, Raman, NMR, and FT-IR of adsorbed pyridine. The preparation of ZrW and ZrAlW mixed oxides by sol–gel favored the high dispersion of WO_x and the stabilization of zirconia in the tetragonal phase. The Al incorporation avoided the formation of monoclinic-WO₃ bulk phase. The catalysts increased their S_BET for about 15% promoted by Al₂O₃ addition. Various oxidation states of WO_x species coexist on the surface of the catalysts after calcination. The structure of the highly dispersed surface WO_x species is constituted mainly of isolated monotungstate and two-dimensional mono-oxotungstate species in tetrahedral coordination. The activity of Pd/ZrW catalysts in the hydroisomerization of n-hexane is promoted both with the addition of Al to the ZrW mixed oxide and the addition of Pt to Pd/ZrAlW catalysts. The improvement in the activity of Pd/ZrAlW catalysts is ascribed to a moderated acid strength and acidity, which can be correlated to the coexistence of W⁶⁺ and reduced-state WO_x species (either W⁴⁺ or W⁰). The addition of Pt to the Pd/ZrAlW catalyst does not modify significantly its acidic character. Selectivity results showed that the catalyst produced 2MP, 3MP and the high octane 2,3-dimethylbutane (2,3-DMB) and 2,2-dimethylbutane (2,2-DMB) isomers.     

新显色剂4—（2—苯并噻唑偶氮）邻苯二酚—钼（Ⅵ）—OP体系的分光光度研究

在ｐＨ５．０～５．７范围内，新显色剂４－（２－苯并噻唑偶氮）邻苯二酚（ＢＴＡＰＣ）与钼（Ⅵ）和非离子表面活性剂ＯＰ反应，形成稳定的、带负电荷的、紫红色三元胶束配合物。该配合物中Ｍｏ（Ⅵ）与ＢＴＡＰＣ的组成比为１∶２；其λｍａｘ为５６０ｎｍ，对比度（Δλ）为１２８ｎｍ；在２０℃、ｐＨ５．２和μ０．１时，配合物的表观稳定常数为３．０２×１０１０，表观摩尔吸光系数ε５６０为８．１１×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，真实ε５６０为７．６７×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１。钼含量在０～０．７２ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内遵从比耳定律。建议了配合物的结构。本法简便、快速、准确，用于合金钢试样中痕量或小量钼的测定，取得了满意的结果。     

Determination of solid fat content (SFC) of binary fat blends and use of these data to predict SFC of selected ternary fat blends containing low-erucic rapeseed oil

Several oils and fats often used for the industrial preparation of European shortenings were blended in binary systems. The equilibrium (after 48 h at 15°C) solid fat contents (SFC; determined by pulsed NMR spectroscopy) were measured and plotted against blend composition. SFC of the blends resulted from the SFC of each fat for the considered temperature as well as the type of interaction existing between those fats (namely, ideal behavior, monotectic interaction, eutectic interaction, and so on). The type of relationship fitted was dependent on the kind of interaction: Linear relationships were found for total compatibility between fats, and polynomial-type (order 2) relationships were found for fats exhibiting incompatibility. Some corresponding ternary oils and fats blends were also prepared and analyzed. Selected relationships (regression equations of the fitted curves) obtained for binary blends were combined in order to calculate the SFC of the corresponding ternary blends. Experimental values were generally close to predicted ones. The representation of SFC as a function of composition is interesting as it allows one to determine rapidly and easily the type of molecular interaction between two fats and also to determine equations that can be combined to calculate easily the SFC of corresponding ternary blends crystallized in the same way with a good accuracy. The texture (hardness) of several binary and ternary blends was also measured. The combination of the results obtained for SFC with the results obtained for the hardness of binary blends allows the prediction of the hardness of a corresponding ternary blend under the same conditions.