Small-angle neutron scattering from branched epoxide resins

Small-angle neutron scattering experiments in the range of q² from 0.01 to 25 nm⁻² have been carried out on branched epoxide resins based on bisphenol-A at the Institute Laue—Langevin (I.L.L) in Grenoble (q=(4π/λ) sin(θ/2)). Measurements were made with six samples in the range of M_W from 1500 to 19 000 and four concentrations between 1.3 and 10% (w/w) in deuterated diglyme. The results are as follows: (i) The mean square radius of gyration follows a relationship S²_z=4.69×10⁻⁴M^1.20_W (nm²). (ii) In all cases fairly large second virial coefficients A₂ are obtained which, however, decrease strongly with molecular weight. Above M_W=2500, the virial coefficient follows the relationship A₂=1.6M^−0.85_W (mol cm³g⁻²). (ii) The reciprocal particle scattering factor as a function of q² exhibits only a slight upturn and otherwise shows the behaviour of a randomly branched polycondensate. The slight upturn is discussed as being caused by the finite volume of the monomeric unit. Possible reasons for the high exponent in the S²_z versus M_W dependence are briefly discussed.     

Microstructure of high modulus solid state extruded polyethylene: 2. X-ray scattering studies of 12, 24 and 36 extrusion draw ratio

The microstructure of a series of solid state extruded polyethylene fibres was examined by wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering. By measuring absolute intensities using a two dimensional position sensitive detector, accurate values of the small-angle invariant for anisotropic samples were obtained. This measurement coupled with wide-angle X-ray scattering and d.s.c. permitted determination of the density of the noncrystalline component. The use of a two phase model for solid state extruded polyethylene is justified if consideration is given to the effective densities of the crystalline and noncrystalline phases, which change with deformation. The effective density of the crystalline phase decreases by 1% (0.999–0.990 g cm^?3) from the unextruded billet compared to a 36 draw ratio extrudate, while the noncrystalline phase density increases by 6% (0.84–0.89 g cm^?3). These changes lead to an overall decrease in the mean squared electron density fluctuation of 63%. The average axial crystallite length measured by wide-angle X-ray scattering increases with extrusion draw ratio while the SAXS long period decreases and weakens considerably. These observations and the electron microscopy results from the previous paper, (Polymer, 1982, 23, 1069), are fully consistent with the key features of the Peterlin model of fibre microstructure.     

平面镜多次反射的二维高精度小角度偏转测量

介绍了利用平面镜多次反射系统实现二维高精度小角度偏转测量的光学测量方法,构建了实验系统,针对系统的测量精度和测量范围与激光束在平面镜系统中反射次数的关系进行了研究,最后根据应用实例给出了具体的计算分析,研究结果表明,该方法具有结构简单、测量精度高的特点,当反射次数达到10次以上时,系统的测量精度将达到0.01",为亚角秒级高精度动态测量提供了一种新的研究方法.     

重油组分宏观尺寸表征方法的研究进展

介绍了表征重油组分宏观尺寸的流体力学性质关联法,小角散射法以及电子显微镜成像法.流体力学性质关联法主要用来计算重油组分分子尺寸,而小角散射法和电子显微镜成像法则用来表征沥青质胶粒形态尺寸.在对上述各方法的基本原理、应用条件和存在问题进行分析概括的基础上,认为沥青质胶粒尺寸、形状和分布的表征方法比较成熟;黏度.扩散系数联合法研究极稀溶液区重油组分的流体力学性质,是表征重油组分尤其是沥青质分子形态尺寸的-种有效方法.     

小角散射技术在高聚物粘结炸药中的应用研究进展

小角散射(SAS)技术是表征高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)多尺度复杂微结构的重要技术手段。对SAS技术在PBX研究中的实验方法、数据分析模型和多种应用进行了综述。论述了适用于PBX的原位变温、拉伸和压缩加载实验方法,归纳了Guinier、界面、多分散粒子、硬球相互作用和分形等常用模型,概述了它们在PBX研究中的适用条件和范围,总结了近二十年来,国内外应用中子和X射线SAS技术在PBX力热损伤、粘结剂微结构、感度以及爆轰碳产物分析等方面的研究进展。最后,总结了SAS技术在PBX研究中的独特优势,建议加强超小角散射实验技术、PBX原位力?热耦合加载设备和数据分析软件的开发,以及PBX内部多相界面和多尺度孔洞的定量研究。     

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP): A versatile and forceful tool for functional membranes

The progress in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) provides an effective means for the design and preparation of functional membranes. Polymeric membranes with different macromolecular architectures applied in fuel cells, including block and graft copolymers are conveniently prepared via ATRP. Moreover, ATRP has also been widely used to introduce functionality onto the membrane surface to enhance its use in specific applications, such as antifouling, stimuli-responsive, adsorption function and pervaporation. In this review, the recent design and synthesis of advanced functional membranes via the ATRP technique are discussed in detail and their especial advantages are highlighted by selected examples extract the principles for preparation or modification of membranes using the ATRP methodology.     

Dendrimer as nanocarrier for drug delivery

Dendrimers are novel three dimensional, hyperbranched globular nanopolymeric architectures. Attractive features like nanoscopic size, narrow polydispersity index, excellent control over molecular structure, availability of multiple functional groups at the periphery and cavities in the interior distinguish them amongst the available polymers. Applications of dendrimers in a large variety of fields have been explored. Drug delivery scientists are especially enthusiastic about possible utility of dendrimers as drug delivery tool. Terminal functionalities provide a platform for conjugation of the drug and targeting moieties. In addition, these peripheral functional groups can be employed to tailor-make the properties of dendrimers, enhancing their versatility. The present review highlights the contribution of dendrimers in the field of nanotechnology with intent to aid the researchers in exploring dendrimers in the field of drug delivery.     

Crystallization behavior of poly(β-propiolactone)-block-polyethylene copolymers with varying polyethylene crystallinities

The crystallization behavior of poly(β-propiolactone)-block-polyethylene (PPL-b-PE) copolymers with high PE crystallinities χ_PE (>0.30) has been examined using time-resolved synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, where the PE block crystallized first and subsequently the PPL block crystallized on quenching from a strongly segregated melt. The crystallization of PE blocks destroyed the lamellar microdomain structure (LMS) existing in the melt to form the crystalline lamellar morphology (CLM), and then PPL blocks crystallized within CLM. This morphology formation was compared to our previous results for the crystallization of PPL-b-PE copolymers with low χ_PE (0.12 < χ_PE < 0.26), where the crystallizability of PE blocks was not sufficiently large to destroy LMS. As a result, PE blocks crystallized promptly within LMS to reinforce and stabilize it against the subsequent crystallization of PPL blocks, yielding the confined crystallization of both blocks within LMS. We summarize these results including the case of χ_PE = 0, and propose three mechanisms of morphology formation occurring in PPL-b-PE copolymers according to χ_PE (i.e., high, low, or zero).     

17-4PH不锈钢纳米析出物的磁小角中子散射研究

本文充分发挥中子对磁灵敏、穿透力强等技术优势,利用加载磁场小角中子散射实验技术研究核电站实际服役14年的阀杆17 4PH不锈钢样品。结果表明,与不加磁场时相比,加载磁场条件下二维散射图谱呈明显各向异性,在散射矢量垂直于磁场方向上散射强度显著增强。利用多分散球模型对数据进行拟合,结合原子探针实验结果分析得出,衬度的增加降低了Cu析出物周围元素分布不均匀对散射的相对贡献,从而有助于更加准确地获得Cu纳米析出物的尺寸。     

Interfacial activity and micellar morphology of an imidazolium ring containing zwitterionic surfactants

Zwitterionic surfactants based on 3-(1-alkyl-3-imidazolio) propane-sulfonate ([ImS3-R] where R is octyl or dodecyl) is an emerging and important class of amphiphile due to their relevance as nano reactors for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and accelerated acid hydrolysis. The physicochemical properties of such synthesized imidazolium ring-containing zwitterionic surfactants have been characterized by surface tension and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. Surface tension measurements were used to calculate several thermodynamic parameters over a range of concentrations and temperatures (298–313 K). The results obtained showed a weak signature representing the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for ImS3-8, however, by increasing the alkyl length of the hydrophobic group to dodecyl, that is, ImS3-8 to ImS3-12, the signature of the CMC was much more evident. As expected, the CMC for ImS3-12 shifted to a lower concentration. An increase in temperature increased the surface activity and decreased the CMC of both zwitterionic surfactants, although the changes were small. Compared to classical surfactants, that is, sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, the CMC of ImS3-12 is much lower. Modeling of SANS data demonstrated that the morphology of the micelles formed by these amphiphiles may be described by the “classical” model, a central hydrophobic core, with a shell of hydrated headgroups. Due to their widespread applications in colloidal and interfacial science, the present study adds new insight to the fundamental understanding of these interesting imidazolium-based surface-active ionic liquids (ImS3-R).