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1.
The problem of operating freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials placed in trays of a freeze dryer to remove free water (in frozen state) at a minimum time was formulated as an optimal control problem. Two different types of freeze dryer designs were considered. In type I freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled together, while in type II freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled independently. The heat input to the material being dried and the drying chamber pressure were considered as control variables. Constraints were placed on the system state variables by the melting and scorch temperatures during primary drying stage. Necessary conditions of optimality for the primary drying stage of freeze drying process in vials are derived and presented. Furthermore, an approach for constructing the optimal control policies that would minimize the drying time for the primary drying stage was given. In order to analyze optimal control policy for the primary drying stage of the freeze-drying process in vials, a rigorous multi-dimensional unsteady state mathematical model was used. The theoretical approach presented in this work was applied in the freeze drying of skim milk. Significant reductions in the drying times of primary drying stage of freeze drying process in vials were obtained, as compared to the drying times obtained from conventional operational policies. 相似文献
2.
Action calculi, which generalise process calculi such as Petri nets, π-calculusand ambient calculus, have been presented
in terms of action graphs. We here offer linear action graphs as a primitive basis for action calculi. This paper presents the category of embeddings of undirected linear
action graphs without nesting, using a novel form of graphical reasoning which simplifies some otherwise complex manipulations
in regular algebra. The results are adapted in a few lines to directed graphs. This work is part of a long-term search for
a uniform behavioural theory for process calculi.
Received October 2000 / Accepted in revised form April 2001 相似文献
3.
J. Dingel 《Formal Aspects of Computing》2002,14(2):123-197
Parallel computers have not yet had the expected impact on mainstream computing. Parallelism adds a level of complexity to
the programming task that makes it very error-prone. Moreover, a large variety of very different parallel architectures exists.
Porting an implementation from one machine to another may require substantial changes. This paper addresses some of these
problems by developing a formal basis for the design of parallel programs in the form of a refinement calculus. The calculus
allows the stepwise formal derivation of an abstract, low-level implementation from a trusted, high-level specification. The
calculus thus helps structuring and documenting the development process. Portability is increased, because the introduction
of a machine-dependent feature can be located in the refinement tree. Development efforts above this point in the tree are
independent of that feature and are thus reusable. Moreover, the discovery of new, possibly more efficient solutions is facilitated.
Last but not least, programs are correct by construction, which obviates the need for difficult debugging. Our programming/specification
notation supports fair parallelism, shared-variable and message-passing concurrency, local variables and channels. The calculus
rests on a compositional trace semantics that treats shared-variable and message-passing concurrency uniformly. The refinement
relation combines a context-sensitive notion of trace inclusion and assumption-commitment reasoning to achieve compositionality.
The calculus straddles both concurrency paradigms, that is, a shared-variable program can be refined into a distributed, message-passing
program and vice versa.
Received July 2001 / Accepted in revised form May 2002 相似文献
4.
在弹丸外弹道优化设计中,需对优化设计变量赋于初始值.初始值选取得如何,对整个优化计算所耗机时、迭代点收敛到哪个极值点上等等,影响很大.该文对初始值的选取原则、选取方法等作了讨论,所得结果也可作为对弹丸主要结构参数选优的预估. 相似文献
5.
6.
I. N. Ishchuk 《Measurement Techniques》2007,50(10):1081-1086
A three-dimensional solution of the direct problem of heat conduction when a linear pulsed heat source acts in the plane of
contact of two semibounded bodies is presented. The solution is obtained by the method of finite differences. An example of
the modeling is considered.
__________
Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 42–45, October, 2007. 相似文献
7.
A new curvature technique calculation for surface tension contribution in PLIC-VOF method 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The volume of fluid (VOF) methods have been used for numerous numerical simulations. Among these techniques used to define
the moving interface, the piecewise linear interface reconstruction (PLIC-VOF) is one of the most accurate. A study of the
superficial tension impact on two-phase flow with free surface is presented. A new method based on direct staggered grid is
developped to include surface tension in PLIC-VOF. The new numerical curvature calculation method doesn't need smoothed colour
function and leads to less “spurious current”. This technique is applied to the calculus of surface tension force in the case
of the rise of air bubble in viscous liquid and the fall of liquid drop in the same liquid on free surface. Droplets, thin
layer and capillarity waves are observed after the free surface rupture for different Bond number. The influence of surface
tension calculus is then obvioused and when the drop hit the free surface, wavelets propagate toward the virtual boundaries
imposed. 相似文献
8.
This article presents the first application of the Finite Calculus (FIC) in a Ritz-FEM variational framework. FIC provides a steplength parametrization of mesh dimensions, which is used to modify the shape functions. This approach is applied to the FEM discretization of the steady-state, one-dimensional, diffusion–absorption and Helmholtz equations. Parametrized linear shape functions are directly inserted into a FIC functional. The resulting Ritz-FIC equations are symmetric and carry a element-level free parameter coming from the function modification process. Both constant- and variable-coefficient cases are studied. It is shown that the parameter can be used to produce nodally exact solutions for the constant coefficient case. The optimal value is found by matching the finite-order modified differential equation (FOMoDE) of the Ritz-FIC equations with the original field equation. The inclusion of the Ritz-FIC models in the context of templates is examined. This inclusion shows that there is an infinite number of nodally exact models for the constant coefficient case. The ingredients of these methods (FIC, Ritz, MoDE and templates) can be extended to multiple dimensions 相似文献
9.
Daniel Ocone 《Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems (MCSS)》1988,1(2):183-202
This paper applies the techniques of Malliavin’s stochastic calculus of variations to Zakai’s equation for the one-dimensional
cubic sensor problem in order to study the existence of densities of conditional statistics. Let {X
t} be a Brownian motion observed by a cubic sensor corrupted by white noise, and let
denote the unnormalized conditional estimate of φ(X
i
). If φ1,...,φ
n
are linearly independent, and if
, it is shown that the probability distribution of
admits a density with respect to Lebesgue measure for anyn. This implies that, at any fixed time, the unnormalized conditional density cannot be characterized by a finite set of sufficient
statistics.
Research supported in part by NSF Grant No. MCS-8301880 and by the Institute for Mathematics and It Applications, Minneapolis,
Minnesota. 相似文献
10.
In Winkel (2001) a generalization of Bernstein polynomials and Bézier curves based on umbral calculus has been introduced. In the present paper we describe new geometric and algorithmic properties of this generalization including: (1) families of polynomials introduced by Stancu (1968) and Goldman (1985), i.e., families that include both Bernstein and Lagrange polynomial, are generalized in a new way, (2) a generalized de Casteljau algorithm is discussed, (3) an efficient evaluation of generalized Bézier curves through a linear transformation of the control polygon is described, (4) a simple criterion for endpoint tangentiality is established. 相似文献