Pitfalls in diagnosis of aortic dissection by angiography: Algorithmic approach utilizing CT and MRI

Dissection of the thoracic aorta is a life-threatening event requiring imaging studies to define the level of the tear and the intinmal flap. The “gold standard” has been angiography. This method may fail to demonstrate the dissection, however, due to overlap of the true and false lumens or a very thin flap that is imaged en face rather than tangentially. Computed tomography has a diagnostic accuracy of 95%, but can fail to image the dissection due to technical factors or a thrombosed false hunen. Magnetic resonance imaging requires a hemodynamically stable and cooperative patient. A diagnostic algorithm is proposed for diagnosis of aortic dissection based on renal function and the surgeon's imaging modality preference.     

Limited role of aortic size in the genesis of acute type A aortic dissection

Objective: Increased dimension of the aortic root and proximal aorta is considered a significant risk factor for catastrophic events that involve the ascending aorta. The objective of this study was to determine the possible correlation between pre-dissection aortic diameter and the occurrence of Stanford type A aortic dissection. Methods: Samples of dissected ascending aortas were obtained from 220 patients at the time of their operation. Two groups were identified: patients with connective tissue disorders (Group 1, n = 94) and those without (Group 2, n = 126). Measurements of the true (intimal) lumen were conducted and extrapolated as reliable approximation of pre-dissection aortic diameter. The possible association of intimal diameter with anthropometric and demographic data was analyzed. Results: Median aortic diameter was, respectively, 41.8 and 41.3 mm for patients with and without connective tissue disorders (41.4 mm for the entire cohort). Data analysis indicated that 57% of patients had aortic diameter above 40 mm, while patients with frank aneurysm accounted only for 10%; this proportion was higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (17.2% vs 4.7%). Poor or no correlation was demonstrated between aortic size and any of the anthropometric or demographic variables essayed. Significant subgroup differences were found among patients with a history of cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency, and bicuspid aortic valve. Conclusion: Although aortic diameter remains a strong indication for preventive surgery in patients with inherited connective tissue disorders, acute aortic dissection occurs rarely in the setting of true ascending aortic aneurysms, and despite normal or near-normal aortic size in more than one-third of subjects. Dissection superimposing on small aortic diameters can be regarded as an expression of substantial functional tissue susceptibility to aortic catastrophic events.     

偏心圆剥离法在隆乳术中的应用

以往以乳头为圆心的同心圆剥离法常形成假体的移位，使假体的体表轮廓与前方的自然乳房分离，产生“双重乳房”现象。在研究了女性不同体位下不同的乳房形态及总结了以前的经验后，提出了偏心圆剥离的概念。偏心圆手术设计方法：以乳头为圆心，按其内侧、下侧为直径３／５的比例，以外侧、上侧为直径２／５的比例，形成一偏心圆的剥离范围。偏心圆的直径因考虑到假体的不同形态、大小及底面直径，以经中心假体纵截面的周长的１／２再放大２ｃｍ，作为剥离范围的直径。自１９９１年１０月以来已应用了１７６例，无一术后移位现象，也没有固较多地剥离胸大肌内、下侧止点纤维而影响上肢活动。自然乳房并不是静态的圆锥形或半球形，它具有伸缩的组织学特点，又有随体位变动而变化的特点。用偏心圆法剥离，可使置入的假体与前方的自然乳房融为一体，消除“双重乳房”现象，而成为“真实”的乳房。同时也应积极寻找一种与身体组织相容性好的，弹性、比重与女性乳腺较为一致的，假体容量相对恒定的生物性材料。这样隆乳术才可以更广泛地开展。     

臀上皮神经临床意义

目的:阐明臀上皮神经临床意义。方法:解剖20具尸体(40侧)腰臀区,对臀上皮神经及相关结构进行解剖、观察、分析。结果:40侧腰臀区共发现138支臀上皮神经。在神经出胸腰筋膜后层处的卵圆形空隙有27个,其剩余空间周围见有脂肪组织。结论:臀上皮神经穿出胸腰筋膜后层处的卵圆形空隙为引起脂肪组织疝出、卡压神经引发腰痛的薄弱点。     

铜绿假单胞菌注射液治疗甲状腺乳头状癌颈侧区淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏的临床观察

背景与目的 淋巴漏为颈部淋巴结清扫术后常见并发症,传统治疗方法作用相对有限,而铜绿假单胞菌注射液处理创面可较好促进局部炎症反应以闭合漏点,因此本研究分析铜绿假单胞菌注射液对甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）颈侧区淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏患者引流量的影响及安全性,以明确铜绿假单胞菌注射液的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月—2020年1月郑州大学第一附属医院甲状腺外科行颈侧区淋巴结清扫术后出现淋巴漏的69例PTC患者资料,依据淋巴漏治疗方式不同将其分为对照组（37例,术中常规双侧留置负压引流）、观察组（32例,在对照组治疗的基础上,术后第4、6天,通过引流管注入2支铜绿假单胞菌注射液）,比较两组术后引流量、体温变化,记录其引流时间及不良反应发生率。结果 两组术后第1、2、3天引流量比较差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,观察组术后第4、5、6天引流量低于对照组［（310.79±32.16）mL vs.（338.64±34.55）mL、（157.82±16.43）mL vs.（325.43±33.96）mL、（87.34±8.59）mL vs.（333.68±34.59）mL,均P<0.05］;观察组术后第6、7 天体温高于对照组［（37.78±3.77）℃ vs.（35.96±3.60）℃、（37.65±3.72）℃ vs.（35.79±3.68）℃,均P<0.05］,其他时点两组体温差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;观察组引流时间明显短于对照组［（6.17±0.63）d vs.（7.28±0.75）d,P<0.01］;观察组部分患者术后2周内出现局部发热、寒战不良反应,予以物理降温后均恢复正常,观察组术后不良反应发生率高与对照组（12.50% vs. 8.11%）,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 铜绿假单胞菌注射液治疗PTC患者颈侧区淋巴结清扫术后淋巴漏患者临床效果较好,可降低引流量,缩短引流时间,部分患者可能有体温升高、发热等现象,经对症处理后均可缓解,不影响治疗。     

The surgical anatomy of the superior gluteal nerve and anatomical radiologic bases of the direct lateral approach to the hip

Summary In view of the increasing popularity of the direct lateral approach to the hip joint for hemi- or total hip arthroplasty, the location of the superior gluteal nerve (SGN) was studied. This nerve is in danger when using a transgluteal incision. In 20 embalmed specimens the relation of the SGN to the tip of the greater trochanter (TT) was studied as well as the relation to the iliac crest. For this purpose macroscopy, microscopy and CT were used. In 13 hips a so-called most inferior branch was found at an average of 1 cm distal to the inferior branch, the main trunk of the nerve. There was substantial variation in the course of both the inferior and the most inferior branch of the SGN. In order to prevent nerve damage, proximal extension of the transgluteal incision should be limited to 3 cm cranial to TT. Furthermore the incision has to be confined to the distal one third of the distance TT-iliac crest. In tall people extra care should be taken.

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Anatomie chirurgicale du nerf glutéal supérieur et bases anatomo-radiologiques de l'abord latéral direct de la hanche

Résumé Les recours de plus en plus fréquent à la voie latérale directe de la hanche pour les prothèses totales ou cervico céphaliques nous a conduit à étudier la localisation du nerf glutéal supérieur (SGN) qui est exposé lors de l'incision transglutéale. Les rapports du SGN avec le sommet du grand trochanter (TT) et avec la crête iliaque ont été étudiés sur 20 cadavres embaumés. Nous avons eu recours à l'étude macroscopique, microscopique ainsi qu'au scanner. Dans 13 cas nous avons mis en évidence une branche très inférieure, donc plus distale, située 1 cm en moyenne en dessous de la branche inférieure habituelle de bifurcation du tronc principal. Il existait des variations importantes dans les trajets de ces deux branches inférieures. Afin de prévenir une lésion chirurgicale du nerf, l'incision transglutéale ne doit pas aller au delà de 3 cm du sommet du grand trochanter, de plus l'incision doit être confinée en dessous du tiers distal de la ligne joignant le grand trochanter à la crête iliaque.

     

颈部Ⅱ～Ⅳ区副神经和耳大神经及颈横神经临床解剖学研究

目的 研究颈部Ⅱ～Ⅳ区副神经和颈丛耳大、颈横神经解剖标志,为颈部Ⅱ～Ⅳ区功能性颈淋巴结清扫术提供临床解剖资料.方法 在42例(56侧)Ⅱ～Ⅳ区颈淋巴结清扫术中,重点观测副神经、颈丛耳大神经和颈横神经的行程、分布以及与周围毗邻结构关系.结果 副神经进入胸锁乳突肌点距乳突尖的距离(4.93±0.75)cm:其穿出胸锁乳突肌后缘点均位于耳大神经出肌点上方,两者出肌点的距离(1.04±0.59)cm;副神经出肌点到锁骨中点距离(8.09±0.65)cm.颈丛耳大神经穿出胸锁乳突肌后缘后在下颌角水平分支,出肌点与分支点的距离(6.37±0.73)cm:耳大神经出肌点到锁骨中点距离(7.67±1.00)cm,耳大神经与前方颈外静脉在同一层面,大多数病例中两者几乎平行,两者距离(1.02±0.61)cm.颈横神经于耳大神经下方穿出胸锁乳突肌后缘后近水平在其浅面并于颈外静脉深面向前,其分支点变异较大,分支后呈扇形向前分布颈侧.颈部左右侧各测量数据差异无统计学意义.结论 深入了解副神经和颈丛耳大神经、颈横神经临床解剖资料,功能性颈清扫时保留其功能是可行的.     

跟骨解剖支持板的研制及临床应用

目的 设计跟骨解剖支持板并研究其治疗跟骨骨折的临床应用价值.方法 通过对跟骨生物力学和骨折机理的探讨,设计了一种用于跟骨骨折内固定治疗的新型跟骨解剖支持板,并应用该钢板治疗跟骨骨折38例(46足).其中39足经过6个月以上随访(6～46个月,平均14.6个月).均行跟骨侧、轴位X线片和印横轴位、冠状位检查,按Sanders分型,其中Ⅱ型骨折10足,Ⅲ型骨折17足,Ⅳ型骨折12足.手术前后对Bohler角、Gissane's角、跟骨水平全长、丘部总高、轴长和体宽等多项指标进行比较,采用Marryland足部评分系统评价术后功能.结果 术后4例切口延迟愈合,2例腓肠皮神经损伤,1例腓骨长短肌腱滑脱,对症处理后均痊愈.术后功能评价显示:优21足,良15足,可3足,优良率达92.3%.结论 跟骨解剖支持板设计合理,结构性能良好,对其进行的多项生物力学测定表明该板可达到跟骨骨折固定的要求.可有效减少并发症,为治疗跟骨骨折提供了一种新的内固定方法.     

76株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

收集临床标本中鉴定的金黄色葡萄球菌238株,按耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定方法进行分离鉴定和药敏试验。结果:检出MRSA76株,检出率为31.9％。MRSA对万古霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、利福平、头孢噻吩、氟哌酸较敏感,而对其它常用抗生素均有很高的耐药率。