TSS and traditional surgery in hip and knee replacement

Surgery passes through a continuous evolution, thanks to the introduction of new technologies and techniques. Tissue-sparing surgery is a concept introduced in the last years to address prosthetic surgery to a more conservative fashion. We discuss the TSS decalogue with a critical eye, pointing out how traditional surgery is evolving in accordance with TSS statements. Proceedings of the Consensus Conference “TSS in hip and knee replacement”, Rapallo, Italy, 22–24 June 2006     

老年糖尿病患者髋关节置换手术围手术期处理

目的探讨老年糖尿病患者髋关节置换手术围手术期血糖的控制方法和对手术的影响。方法回顾性分析32例老年糖尿病髋关节置换手术治疗围手术期血糖调控情况。结果32例患者入院时空腹血糖(12.8±1.7)mmol/L,经术前用胰岛素控制空腹血糖至(7.1±1.2)mmol/L后,分别接受全髋关节置换、股骨头置换手术,术中及术后继续使用胰岛素控制血糖至基本正常水平。本组术中血糖为(8.9±1.1)mmol/L。32例中,仅1例(3.2%)伤口愈合不良,未发生感染等其他明显并发症。结论老年糖尿病患者经正确的围手术期处理,将血糖控制至基本正常水平,可耐受髋关节置换手术。     

计算机导航对人工髋关节股骨柄假体置入的精确性验证

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of surgical navigation for localization and orientation of the femoral stem component in total hip arthroplasty, nethods In the hypothesized space, 3-D images of femoral stem were reconstructed. The coronal, sagittal and horizontal axes and scale divisions were established to calculate the displacement and rotation of the stem. Matching between the stem and its 3-D images was performed while the stem was moved in various distances and angles on the digital motion-platform. Then the actual change in the position of the implant and the caleulative data obtained from the navigation system were compared to evaluate the accuracy. Results The mean difference in displacement between the measurements and the actual changes was (1.01 ±0.47) mm, and the mean difference in the measured and actual angles was 1.09°±0.62°. The duplicate test found no significant difference (t = 0.238, P > 0.05). Conclusion Precise placement of the stem in the desired location and orientation can be achieved by the navigation system in the total hip arthroplasty.     

OCM入路微创全髋关节置换术的初步报告

目的介绍OCM入路微创全髋关节置换术(THA)的手术方法。方法2005年1月-2006年1月在对2具尸体、4个髋关节的OCM入路进行相关解剖学研究的基础上开展OCM入路微创THA 20例。手术从臀中肌前间隙进入切开关节囊,分段完成股骨颈截骨,使用特殊的髋臼锉和髋臼打入器安放髋臼假体;股骨侧手术时手术床后下方一半拆卸掉,患髋后伸和外旋且小腿置于消毒袋内,大转子周围关节囊广泛剥离后完成扩髓和股骨假体的安放。结果肥胖指数平均为27．4％的20例患者,皮肤切口长度平均为9．3 cm;术中平均出血130 mL,术后引流量80 mL;患者术后2-3 d下地活动。所有患者获得1-9个月(平均4．3个月)随访,15例已完全脱拐,行走正常;5例不满1个月,仍需扶拐行走。术后随访疼痛采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)由术前平均5．1分分别下降到3．6分(1个月)、1．7分(3个月)和0．8分(6个月)。发生血肿2例,X线检查见髋臼前倾过大2例,股骨假体型号偏小2例。患者髋关节功能Harris评分由术前平均45．4分提高到术后随访时平均88．4分。结论OCM入路微创THA切口小,完整保留臀中肌和关节囊,患者功能恢复快,住院时间短;它需要一个独立学习过程,并需要特殊器械的配合。     

Polyethylene wear in primary knee arthroplasty

Abstract Polyethylene (PE) wear is a focal issue in joint replacement, so it is essential to understand how it takes place in vivo. PE wear is a multifactorial process with a complex interaction of variables related to the materials used, the mechanical conditions, operative procedures for implantation, activity of the patient and use of prosthesis. We retrieved 65 PE inserts with the respective femoral and tibial components (50 inserts of total knee prostheses and 15 monocompartmental prostheses) from first revision surgeries. The average age of the patients was 68.3 years; the average time to revision was 41.5 months. Macroscopic observation considered the grade, topography and type of wear. Degradation was also studied with scanning electron microscopy. No direct relationship was found between the level of wear and the survival of total or monocompartmental knee prostheses. The duration of 11 (22%) total prosthetic inserts with grade 2 wear was 42.6 months vs. 51.5 months of 17 (34%) total inserts with grade 1 wear. However, study of the relationship between wear grade and wear topography in total inserts suggested that there was a significant connection. In fact, the 22 (44%) prostheses with central and symmetrical wear never showed wear greater than grade 1. Instead, of the remaining 28 prostheses (56%) without central and symmetric wear, only 3 had grade 0 wear. Finally, considering the relationship between wear grade and type of wear, all 18 inserts (27.7%) with grade 2 or 3 wear had 100% delamination. In conclusion, this study suggests that the correct positioning of the prosthetic components, besides its quality, is an important cause of polyethylene wear.     

人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端4部分骨折及骨折脱位

目的：探讨应用人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端4部分骨折及骨折脱位的近期疗效。方法：25例肱骨近端4部分骨折及骨折脱位的患者,男11例,女14例;年龄56～77岁,平均68.2岁;均行人工肱骨头置换治疗。应用Neer疗效评分系统,根据患者疼痛、功能、肩关节活动范围评价术后疗效。结果：术后随访12～40个月,平均29.3个月。所有病例术后均无感染、神经损伤、假体周围骨折、假体松动、脱位等并发症。Neer评分优8例,良11例,可6例,优良率76%。结论：通过标准的手术操作及术后积极合理的康复锻炼,人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端4部分骨折及骨折脱位近期疗效满意。     

人工肱骨头置换术后大结节影像学改变与肩关节功能

目的观察新鲜复杂肱骨近端骨折行人工肱骨头置换术后随访X线片上重建大结节影像的动态改变,探讨其原因及其与肩关节功能的关系。方法2002年2月至2005年7月应用人工肱骨头置换治疗新鲜复杂肱骨近端骨折68例,59例术后随访1年以上。男28例,女31例;年龄28～80岁,平均59岁。以随访中肩关节外旋正位X线片上出现大结节影像明显变化的8例为研究组,其余患者为对照组。比较两组的肩关节功能,明确大结节影像改变的临床意义。结果两组术后主动前屈上举角度、主动前屈上举肌力、主动体侧外旋肌力、SST评分以及ASES评分的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而主动体侧外旋角度和主动体侧内旋的差异无统计学意义。结论复杂肱骨近端骨折患者应用人工肱骨头置换术后,若随访过程中逐渐出现肩关节外旋正位X线片上大结节影像明显减小甚至消失可能预示肩关节功能恢复不佳。推测造成这种大结节改变的原因是多方面的,其中包括大结节骨块血运差导致的部分骨吸收,以及大结节骨块不愈合导致的骨块进一步移位。     

人工全髋关节置换术中偏心距重建对髋关节功能的影响

目的比较标准股骨假体行人工全髋关节置换术中股骨假体颈长和股骨距保留对偏心距重建的作用，并分析偏心距重建对软组织平衡的影响。方法68例（71髋）行初次全髋关节置换术并获得随访。术中确定双下肢等长、髋关节稳定及周围软组织紧张度适中。术后采用Harris评分评估手术结果，Cybex-6000等速测定患髋外展肌力，通过手术记录和X线片测量获得偏心距、股骨距、假体颈长、外展肌力臂，用SPSS11．5统计学软件包对数据进行分析。结果假体颈长对偏心距的影响较股骨距大（P＜0．01），并与偏心距呈正相关关系（r=0．642，P＜0．001），但两者对于Harris评分影响的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。股骨头坏死患者术后的偏心距较髋关节骨关节炎患者（P＜0．01）和股骨颈骨折患者小（P＜0．01）。颈于角与偏心距外展肌力臂比呈正相关关系（r=0．25，火0．05）。偏心距重建较好的髋关节术后外展肌力较偏心距重建不足者优（P＜0．05），且两者呈相关关系（r=0．29，P＜0．05）。结论偏心距的重建在全髋关节置换术软组织平衡中主要起到增强术后外展肌力的作用。采用标准股骨假体重建术后股骨偏心距，股骨假体颈长对人工全髋关节置换术后偏心距的重建作用大于股骨距的保留，在诸多影响因素中起到关键作用。     

异丙酚复合麻醉下髋关节置换术患者瑞芬太尼控制性降压的效果

目的探讨异丙酚复合麻醉下髋关节置换术患者瑞芬太尼控制性降压的效果。方法择期行髋关节置换术患者30例,ASA分级Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=15):瑞芬太尼组(R组)和硝普钠组(N组)。2组麻醉诱导气管插管后在30min内静脉输注6%羟乙基淀粉200/0.5 15ml/kg行急性高容量血液稀释,桡动脉穿刺置管监测平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR),颈内静脉穿刺置管监测中心静脉压,术中维持脑电双频谱指数45～55。2组于切皮前开始降压,R组和N组分别持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.3～0.7μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)、硝普钠0.5～6.0μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),使MAP降低到术前基础值的70%左右(60～70mm Hg)并维持至术毕。分别于急性高容量血液稀释后控制性降压前即刻(T_0)、控制性降压20min(T_1)、40min(T_2)、术毕(T_3)时抽取静脉血,测定血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、乳酸(Lac)浓度,同时抽取动脉血,行动脉血气分析,记录开始降压至目标血压所需的时间(降压诱导时间)、停降压药后MAP恢复至基础值的时间(MAP恢复时间)及术中出血量、输血量。结果与N组比较,R组降压诱导时间、MAP恢复时间、血气分析指标及Lae水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T_(1,2)时HR降低,出血量减少(P<0.05或0.01);N组有5例患者发生反射性心动过速,需使用艾司洛尔,T_3时有2例患者发生反跳性高血压,2组术后均未见并发症。结论异丙酚复合麻醉下髋关节置换术患者持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.3～0.7μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)控制性降压可控性好,降压及恢复平稳,且血液保护作用优于硝普钠。     

Arterial and lymphatic supply of the knee integuments

Summary The surgical approach to the anterior knee region carries a risk for postoperative integument infection and skin necrosis. A hypothesis is that surgical approach may damage integumental blood supply and additionally the lymphatic drainage from the foot and leg. The goal of this study was to describe the arteries and lymphatics directly affected by the antero-medial approach. Injection of the femoral a. was used to identify the femoral and popliteal aa. and their branches distributed to the integument of the anterior, medial and lateral aspects of the knee. Lymphatic injection into the plantar aspect of the first toe was also performed to identify the subdermal lymphatics traversing the area. Our results showed that most of the blood supply arises from the medial aspect of the knee integuments. However, subcutaneous arterial anastomoses provide a significant blood-supply when there is interruption of the medial vessels as seen in the medial surgical approach to the knee. Most of the lymphatic drainage originating from the foot crosses the knee region on the medial side, opposite or below the tibial tuberosity. Because the subdermal arterial network is well-developed, the medial approach for knee surgery does not endanger the anterior knee integuments as long as the lateral vascular supply is preserved. However, this approach may interrupt the lymphatic circulation, particularly in the case of an extended incision, which could explain postoperative edema and an increased rate of wound infection.

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Vascularisation artérielle et lymphatique des téguments du genou

Résumé L'abord chirurgical du genou présente un risque d'infection post-opératoire et de nécrose cutanée. Une hypothèse serait que la voie d'abord peut détruire la vascularisation artérielle et lymphatique qui draine la jambe et le pied. Le but de notre étude était de décrire la circulation artérielle et lymphatique impliquée dans la voie d'abord antéromédiale du genou. Des injections ont été utilisées pour identifier les aa. fémorale et poplitée et leurs branches qui se distribuent aux téguments de la région médiale et latérale du genou. Des injections lymphatiques ont été également utilisées pour localiser le réseau subdermique lymphatique de la région du genou. Nos résultats montrent que la majorité de l'apport artériel des téguments du genou provient de la partie médiale. Des anastomoses sub-cutanées entre les systèmes artériels latéral et médial permettent un apport artériel suffisant pour les téguments en cas d'interruption de l'apport médial. La plupart des vaisseaux lymphatiques provenant du pied et de la cheville croisent la région dorsale du pied de dehors en dedans à une distance variable de la tubérosité tibiale. Du fait du bon développement du réseau artériel sub-cutané, la voie d'abord médiale ne présente pas de risque de nécrose des téguments de la face antérieure du genou tant que l'apport latéral est préservé. Toutefois, elle peut être responsable de l'interruption des conduits lymphatiques, en particulier lorsque l'incision s'étend vers le bas, exposant aux lésions des collecteurs lymphatiques, ce qui expliquerait un dème post-opératoire et un taux accru d'infection.