Attenuation of aqueous metal transport at two natural acid rock drainage occurrences in the Yukon Territory, Canada

Naturally acidic drainage associated with pyritic black shale has been observed in many locations in the Yukon Territory. While not necessarily linked to known mineral deposits, most of these natural acid rock drainage occurrences show elevated dissolved concentrations of trace elements, especially zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium and arsenic. Based on field observations, microbial investigation, chemical analyses and geochemical modeling, the fate and transport of potentially deleterious elements at two natural acid drainage occurrences with slightly different settings are examined. The Macintosh Creek is a small, acidic stream （pH 2.98-3.40）, 2 km long, located in the Macmillan Pass area of east-central Yukon amidst known sedimentary exhalative massive sulfide mineralization but remains undisturbed by exploration activities. Its trace metal content is apparently derived from groundwater discharges, which gave as much as 5.0, 2.5, 0.7, 0.13 and 0.03 mg/L ofZn, Ni, Cu and As, respectively. Interaction and sorption reactions with algal mats, biofilms and iron oxyhydroxides appear to be the dominant mechanisms attenuating aqueous contaminant transport along the stream. Cryogenic precipitation further consolidates the ferricrete formation and reduces the mobility of the sorbed metals. The tributaries of the Engineering Creek along the Dempster Highway in northern Yukon drain through a series of dolomite, phyllite, argillite, limestone, black shale, sandstone and conglomerate with no known concentration of mineralization. In this area, the water chemistry fully reflects the local geology with acidic streams invariably associated with black shale occurrences. Groundwater seeps in the headwaters area of the km-180 Creek completely enclosed in black shale gave pH 3.0 and as much as 148, 39, 2.9 and 9.1 mg/L of Zn, Ni, Cu and As, respectively. Sorption with iron oxyhydroxide and organic matter appear to dominate the attenuation of contaminant transport along the stream. However, once entered into carbonate-dominated terrains, secondary carbonate minerals exercise additional geochemical control on the local water chemistry as a result of neutralization.     

油页岩综合利用对周围环境的影响——以抚顺矿区为例

世界能源日益减少的局面为油页岩的开发应用带来广阔的前景，但油页岩工业所带来的环境影响亦不容忽视。以抚顺油页岩为例，从油页岩综合利用和油页岩工业对环境的影响等方面系统讨论了在我国发展油页岩工业时，如何本着节约能源、保护环境、实现可持续发展的观念，利用现有先进技术，科学发展油页岩工业，降低生产过程中的固、液、气污染物对环境的危害。     

Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene shallowing-upwardlacustrine sequences controlled by periodic and non-periodic processes(Ebro Basin, northeastern Spain)

The lacustrine facies from two sections (Candasnos and Fraga) ofthe Oligocene-Miocene Torrente de Cinca lithostratigraphic Unit in thecentral part of the Ebro Basin (Spain) have been analysed to determine theinfluence of orbital parameters in lacustrine sedimentation. The unit ispredominantly composed of limestones and marls, and represents a shallowlacustrine freshwater system. The sedimentological features of the faciesstudied demonstrate that the lower part of the Candasnos section representsoffshore lacustrine subenvironments whereas the upper part, and the whole ofthe Fraga section, characterise marginal lacustrine areas. Series of stratalthickness variations of limestone, marl, and limestone/marl couplets fromboth sections have been analysed using spectral analysis. This shows thatinformation corresponding to periodic cycles only appears in the offshorefacies, that is to say, in the lower part of Candasnos section, and disappearsin the marginal facies where non-periodic cycles exist. Furthermore, thespectral analysis of the offshore facies highlights the existence of a peak inthe power spectrum with a period of around 7 (6.8 to 7.8) that can berecognised in the field as shallowing-upward lacustrine sequences.Magnetostratigraphic data from the Candasnos section allow us to establish atime span of 2,808 years for the limestone/marl couplet from the lower partof this section, and between 19,000 and 22,000 years for the periodic cycleidentified, thus representing the climatic precession cycle. Shallowingsequences from marginal areas do not correspond with any periodiccycle.     

铜陵地区老鸦岭层状钼矿床铅同位素组成研究

安徽铜陵老鸦岭矿床中二叠系大隆组(P2d)顶部的含矿(钼矿化)黑色页岩以及附近(立新煤矿)同一层位不含矿黑色页岩的实测铅同位素组成分别为：^206Pb/^204Pb20.20～22.37,^207Pb/^204Pb15.67～15.82,^208Pb/^204Pb38.47～38.60和^206Pb/204Pb18.83～20.80,^207Pb/^204Pb15.65～15.76,^208Pb/^204Pb38．84～39．22。对137Ma的放射成因Pb进行校正后的铅同位素组成表明，含矿黑色页岩和不含矿黑色页岩均与燕山晚期火成岩无关，老鸦岭含矿黑色页岩可能具沉积成因。对沉积(约250Ma)以来的放射成因Pb进行校正后的铅同位素组成表明：不含矿黑色页岩的Pb源自上地壳，而含矿黑色页岩的Pb(因而推测其他成矿金属)可能源于上地壳物质(与不含矿黑色页岩的Pb源相似)与下地壳物质的混合。     

Kinetics and Equilibrium Sorption Studies of 4-Nitrophenol on pyrolyzed and activated oil shale residue

Sorption of the organic pollutant 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by pyrolyzed and activated Jordanian oil-shale was studied. Pyrolyzed oil shale was prepared using a fluidized bed reactor at 520 °C in the presence of nitrogen. Physical activation was carried out by treating the pyrolyzed oil shale with CO₂ at 830 °C, while chemical activation was achieved by using KOH and ZnCl₂ as impregnating agents. Batch kinetics and isotherm studies were conducted to evaluate the sorption process. Effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, sorbent concentration, temperature, pH and inorganic salts (NaCl and KCl) on the sorption process by the different sorbents were considered. Chemically activated oil shale, pretreated with ZnCl₂, gave the highest uptake of 4-NP. The isotherm experimental data fit reasonably well to Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Paterson models. Three kinetic models, namely the Morris-Weber, Lagergren, and Pseudo-Second-Order model (PSOM), were applied to represent the experimental results for both pyrolyzed and ZnCl₂-oil shale sorbents.     

中国南方古生界碳酸盐岩发育对页岩气成藏和开发控制问题

中国南方古生界有利暗色页岩发育,但现页岩气勘探取得突破较少,主要原因是南方地质条件复杂,尤其是南方暗色页岩与碳酸盐岩间互发育,页岩气勘探开发面临复杂的碳酸盐岩地质问题。文章从国外勘探经验及近年来南方地区页岩气勘探实践中总结并详细分析了碳酸盐岩发育对页岩气成藏和开发控制的5大问题:（1）地表或近地表岩溶地质问题对开采的影响;（2）页岩目的层顶底板及其内部碳酸盐岩层对成藏和开采的影响;（3）页岩中碳酸盐类矿物含量对开采压裂的影响;（4）页岩层中天然裂缝被方解石充填对成藏的影响问题;（5）常规碳酸盐岩储层与非常规页岩共同成藏问题。建议在南方古生界开展页岩气勘探开发中,把碳酸盐岩本身储集成藏和碳酸盐岩对页岩气成藏、开采、钻井施工等的影响综合考虑,以总含油气系统的思路,综合选井,以促进南方古生界页岩气的勘探开发。      

陕西汉中梁山二叠系乐平统底部吴家坪组王坡页岩新认识

陕西汉中梁山瓜德鲁普统—乐平统界线(GLB)附近的吴家坪组底部王坡页岩段长期以来被认为是古风化壳沉积,代表了茅口期后暴露于地表风化剥蚀的产物。最近对该地层进行了重新研究,采集了系列岩石和化石样品,进行了X射线衍射、古生物学、岩相学和岩石学分析。X射线衍射分析表明该粘土层主要矿物成分为蒙脱石71%,片沸石23%,石英6%,暗示其物质来源于火山玻璃。岩相学分析显示岩石主要由蚀变矿物组成,具有蚀变残留玻屑凝灰质结构,其中蒙脱石、片沸石保留了原岩中的玻屑的塑性形态。粘土层中大量腕足动物化石暗示其为海相环境。研究结果表明王坡页岩是典型的斑脱岩,并非风化壳和长期剥蚀的产物,而是峨眉山大火成岩省火山喷发时火山灰在海相环境下沉积、蚀变的产物。火山灰在正常浅海沉积时对海洋生态系统造成严重破坏,导致了包括腕足动物在内的海洋生物的生存危机。     

渝东北地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气地质特征及其勘探方向探讨

渝东北地区五峰组—龙马溪组暗色泥页岩沉积厚度介于30.92~164.47m之间,其中在朝阳镇咸池剖面及田坝一带厚度最大,往研究区东西两侧具有减薄的趋势。全区总有机碳含量平均3.32%,中部(平均3.93%)和西部(平均3.59%)相对东部(平均2.77%)具有更高的有机质丰度。有机质以I型腐泥型为主,西部个别剖面及东部栗子坪一带夹少量Ⅱ_1—Ⅱ_2型干酪根,其成熟度普遍处于高成熟—过成熟阶段,呈现自北向南升高的趋势。石英、脆性矿物含量普遍较高(尤其是中西部区块),黏土矿物较低,更易产生储气裂缝及利于后期压裂。储层特征方面,中部地区泥页岩具有更高的孔隙度和较低的渗透率,同时比表面积也相对更高,以有机质孔隙为主。中部区块田坝—朝阳—文峰一带含气性最好,结合页岩厚度、总有机碳含量分布、储层条件及构造保存条件分析,本区中部区块田坝—朝阳—文峰一带具有更好的页岩气勘探前景,是该区下一步勘探的重点区域。     

油页岩勘探开发现状及进展

油页岩是当今世界热门的非常规油气资源。受石油危机的影响,全球寻找替代能源的脚步不断加快。继美国凭借页岩气革命逆转其天然气长期依赖进口的局面之后,多个国家包括中国越来越重视油页岩这一清洁型的接替能源。本文对油页岩勘探开发现状及进展进行了详细阐述：1油页岩是一种高灰分、有机质含量丰富的未成熟烃源岩,沉积环境有陆相、湖相以及海相三种,其矿床类型可分为近海型和内陆湖泊型;2油页岩在世界范围内储量丰富,美国是油页岩储量最多的国家,中国的油页岩资源也十分丰富,但可采储量明显低于探明储量;3在测井响应方面,油页岩具有低密度、高电阻率、高声波时差及高自然伽玛的特点,主要识别方法有log R重叠法、电阻率法、密度测井法等;4油页岩地震识别方法主要包括甜点属性预测法以及基于岩石物理模型的正反演有机质含量预测法;5油页岩主要对含油率进行评价,可使用的方法包括干馏法、测井评价法和岩石热解法;6页岩油开采是油页岩勘探开发的难点,主要技术包括干馏、原位开采和热转换加工技术等。研究结果对了解油页岩的特征、发展动态、关键技术以及进一步推动油页岩勘探开发具有一定的借鉴作用。     

中国过去2000年湖泊沉积记录的高分辨率研究:现状与问题

过去２ｋａ地球环境的变化规律和原因是全球变化研究的关键内容之一，与其它自然记录相比，湖泊沉积具有储存信息量大，时间分辨率高和地理覆盖面广的优势。中国８０年代后期以来已陆续开展了全新世湖泊沉积与气候，环境演化研究，并有迅速发展之势，对于过去２ｋａ湖泊沉积的高分辨率研究，需要重视以下几方面问题，即提高核素测年的精度，建立环境指标的转换函数，注意早期化学成岩作用，选择分层湖和年层沉积，探讨气候要素有效指