Secondary succession and its effects on soil moisture and nutrition in abandoned old-fields of hilly region of Loess Plateau, China

Floristic composition, community structure and soil moisture and nutrient contents in abandoned fields of different ages were analyzed to clarify the regenerative aspects of succession as a tool for vegetation restoration. The results indicated that secondary succession in this region can be interpreted as an auto-succession: there are main changes in species-relative abundance and species turnover. Annual or biennial species (e.g. Artemisia scoparia), acted as pioneers and strongly dominated the early stages. Then, they underwent a progressive decline, while forbs (e.g. Artemisia sacrorum) and grasses (e.g. Xanthium sibiricum) had their peak abundance at intermediate stages. Dwarf shrubs (e.g. Lespedeza dahurica) and short rhizome grass (e.g. Bothriochloa ischaemum) appeared at mid-succession stage and gradually increased in abundance during succession, becoming dominant at late stages. The first axis of detrended correspondence canonical analysis arranged the sites according to their fallow time, indicating a successional sere. The second axis, associated with diverging pathways of regeneration, correlated with topographic factors and soil moisture and nutrition. Structural divergence between plots increased as succession went on, attained the highest at the mid-succession stage, decreased at the late stage.

Soil moisture and available phosphorus content decreased steadily with field age after their abandonment, whereas pools of organic matter, total and available nitrogen, potassium and total phosphorus increased with field age. The pace and direction of recovery of native vegetation and natural soil properties in these abandoned fields resembled classic old-field succession, which is a form of secondary succession that often serves as a template for guiding restoration efforts. Interface between the abandoned field soil and plant system was crucial to the above process. Our current study supported the generally accepted hypothesis in the succession literature.     

Interaction between salinity intrusion and vegetation succession: A modeling approach

Predicting potential changes in groundwater salinity in low-lying coastal regions due to climate change is important, where coastal vegetation is abundant, succession competition between halophytes and glycophytes plays a significant role in the salinity budget. Sea level rise enhances salinity intrusion, contributing an additional dimension to vegetation competition. A new simulation model known as mangrove-hardwood hammock model coupled with saturated-unsaturated transport (MANTRA) has recently been developed by the authors to simulate groundwater salinity regimes in the presence of vegetation competition, subject to climate change. MANTRA is based upon linking two existing Unites States geological survey (USGS) simulation models known as mangrove-hardwood hammock model (MANHAM) and saturated-unsaturated transport (SUTRA). MANHAM simulates the evolution of vegetation succession subject to changing groundwater salinity. SUTRA simulates saturated and unsaturated transport of solutes and salinity in groundwater given sea salinity. MANTRA improves the simulation robustness to simultaneously simulate groundwater hydrology, salinity and coastal vegetation succession subject to sea level rise. Some simulation results will be presented to demonstrate the impact of sea level rise on coastal vegetation succession and groundwater salinity.     

浙江省不同演替阶段的低海拔次生林植物功能群结构的比较研究

选取浙江省低海拔地区的16个次生林样地并调查其中胸径（DBH）≥1 cm的木本植物.通过观察群落外貌,结合数量分类方法（TWINSPAN）和排序方法（DCA）,将这些样地划分为4种演替阶段的森林类型（马尾松林,马尾松针阔叶混交林,演替早期常绿阔叶林,演替中期常绿阔叶林）.分析了不同演替阶段的次生林群落物种多样性和植物功能群结构组成变化.结果显示：（1） 适度择伐进入采伐期的马尾松可加速整个群落向常绿阔叶林演替;（2） 随着演替的进行,物种丰富度、Shannon Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数均呈现增加趋势;（3） 按生活型、生长型、叶的生活期和对光的耐受性这4种功能群划分,所有样地分别以小高位芽植物和中高位芽植物、乔木和灌木或小乔木、常绿植物和耐阴植物占优;（4） 随着演替的进行,功能群结构比例呈现先降后升再降的是矮高位芽植物,先降后升的为小高位芽植物,呈现先升后降的为大高位芽植物、灌木、乔木、小乔木、常绿植物、阴性植物呈现上升趋势,落叶植物和阳性植物呈现下降趋势,而中高位芽植物、灌木或小乔木、耐阴植物则维持相对恒定的比例.     

Successions in integer partitions

A partition of an integer n is a representation n=a ₁+a ₂+⋅⋅⋅+a _k , with integer parts 1≤a ₁≤a ₂≤…≤a _k . For any fixed positive integer p, a p-succession in a partition is defined to be a pair of adjacent parts such that a _i+1−a _i =p. We find generating functions for the number of partitions of n with no p-successions, as well as for the total number of such successions taken over all partitions of n. In the process, various interesting partition identities are derived. In addition, the Hardy-Ramanujan asymptotic formula for the number of partitions is used to obtain an asymptotic estimate for the average number of p-successions in the partitions of n. This material is based upon work supported by the National Research Foundation under grant number 2053740.     

一类非线性方程的解的存在性及其应用

设Ａ是Ａｍａｎｎ意义下的凹（凸）算子,本文提出序Ｌｉｐｓｃｈｉｔｚ条件,无需考虑任何紧性或连续性条件,由Ｍａｎｎ迭代技巧证明了方程Ａｘ＝ｘ的解的存在性,将所得结果应用于无辊域ａｍｍｅｒｓｔｅｉｎ发方程,得到了新结果。     

Decision taking under pressure: Evidence on football manager dismissals in Argentina and their consequences

The paper focuses on dismissals of football managers and whether such decisions appear to contribute to organisational goals or else to be fruitless exercises in scapegoating. Its empirical setting is Argentina where incidence of sackings is more than one per season per club. It models 20 years of football match results and detects a tendency for a change of manager to be followed by deterioration in team performance, with adverse effects concentrated in results of matches played away. The evidence is consistent with decisions being driven by fan and media pressure rather than in realistic hope of improving the position of the club.     

浙江西部山区珍稀雉类生态学研究

浙西山区雉类栖息地的植被类型、分布高度存在差异,其主要活动地有季节性变化,并和月降水量相关。黄腹角雉在浙江西部分布于金衢盆地以南,白颈长尾雉、白鹇和勺鸡在浙西山区均有分布。对该山区秋季和春季的雉类密度进行调查,秋季捕获率以勺鸡最高(4.58‰),白颈长尾雉次之(1.42‰),白鹇最低(0.39‰)。春季遇见率勺鸡为0.15只/小时,白鹇为0.175只/小时,白颈长尾雉仅0.063只/小时。白颈长尾雉和白鹇存在正关联的种间关系,而其他雉类间不存在关联。植被群落的演替可导致雉类群落的变化,主要表现在雉类的种类组成和数量的波动等几方面。70年代至80年代浙西雉类资源持续下降。     

植被研究的时空关系

本文讨论了植被生态地理与植物群落动态研究中的一个根本论题:时间与空间的关系。指出植物群落的分布和演替密切相关;地带学说和顶极学说本质上一致。     

千岛湖岛屿马尾松林不同耐阴性植物幼苗动态研究

马尾松林是广泛分布于我国亚热带地区的代表性森林类型,多呈斑块状.马尾松林多处于干扰后森林群落演替的早期阶段,其后期可能演替为本地区的地带性植被-常绿阔叶林.因此,了解斑块生境中马尾松林的更新演替动态,对管理我国亚热带地区森林的物种多样性和生态系统功能具有重要意义.以千岛湖岛屿马尾松林内不耐阴和耐阴植物幼苗的短期动态为研究对象,试图了解片段化斑块生境中马尾松林的更新动态特点.结果发现：在0.5~3.5 a的多个时间尺度上,耐阴植物幼苗的存活能力较不耐阴植物幼苗强,而耐阴植物和不耐阴植物幼苗的补员率和相对生长率并无差异.岛屿面积和岛屿形状指数对于幼苗存活和补员无显著影响.同时,耐阴灌木的幼苗组成中占绝对优势,而其他功能群幼苗比例较低,表明千岛湖岛屿马尾松次生林内耐阴植物更新较不耐阴植物好;岛屿大小和形状对更新群落的短期动态无明显作用;群落更新层的优势功能群为耐阴灌木.结果提示：千岛湖的片段化马尾松林林下层动态的方向性,有利于耐阴植物更新;但在较短时间尺度（≤ 3.5 a）上,片段化斑块的性质对于群落幼苗更新的影响可能较小;耐阴灌木在片段化马尾松林林下层有优势地位.     

Tropical Monsoon Forest Thermodynamics Based on Remote Sensing Data

This paper addresses thermodynamic variables that characterize the energy balance and structure of the solar energy transformation by the ecosystems of deciduous tropical forests. By analyzing the seasonal dynamics of these variables, two main states of the thermodynamic system are determined: the end of the drought season and the end of the wet season. Two sub-systems of solar energy transformation are also defined: a balance system that is responsible for the moisture transportation between the ecosystem and atmosphere; and a structural bioproductional system responsible for biological productivity. Several types of thermodynamic systems are determined based on the ratio between the invariants of the variables. They match the main classes of the landscape cover. A seasonal change of thermodynamic variables for different types of thermodynamic systems is additionally studied. The study reveals that temperature above the forest ecosystems is about 4° lower than above the open areas during most of the year.